Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio Defs Week 1
Textbook Definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Organisms | Living thing that has multiple organs w/ different structures that are interconnected |
| Cells | Membrane-bound units that are the smallest structural & functional unit of an organism, contains cytoplasm & a nucleus |
| Replication | The process in which a genome’s DNA is copied in cells, can also be on a larger scale of reproduction |
| Information | An encoded unit of biological function found in RNA, DNA, & Genomes\ |
| Gene | The basic hereditary unit passed on from generations, sequences of DNA arranged on specific locations on chromosomes |
| Molecule | A group of two or more atoms that are bonded together |
| Energy | The ability to change or perform work, acquire & use |
| Evolution | A process that results in changes in the genetic material of a population over time |
| Theory | A broad explanation for events that is widely accepted as true |
| The Cell Theory | General statement that all things consist of cells that came from preexisting cells |
| The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance | Chromosomes are the vehicles of genetic heredity |
| The Theory Of Evolution | Natural selection derives which genetic changes are kept in a population, gradual |
| Hypothesis | A testable statement to explain a set of observations |
| Experiment | A scientific test trying to discover what happens to something in particular conditions |
| Prediction | A measurable or observable result that must be correct if a hypothesis is valid |
| Chemical Evolution | Chemical compounds in early atmosphere & ocean that combined via chemical reactions, formed larger & more complex substances, eventually leading to the origin of life |
| Chromosome | Gene-carrying structure, long double DNA strand & protein |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | Nucleic acid composed of deoxyribonucleotides that carry genetic information, double helix w/ non-covalent bonds |
| Double Helix | The physical structure of DNA, two linked strands woven around each other |
| The Central Dogma | Flow of information only goes from DNA -> RNA -> protein or just RNA -> protein |
| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | Nucleic acid composed of ribonucleotides, catalysic component of ribosomes (rRNA), transforming amino acids (tRNA), & messenger of DNA code required for protein synthesis (mRNA), etc. |
| Protein | Macromoleucle w/ one or more polypeptide chains, each polypeptide contains unique amino acids, each protein characteristic 3-D shape |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | Molecule consisting of adenine base, sugar, & three phosphate groups (covalent bond), high potential energy, for RNA synthesis, store/transfer chemical energy |
| Species | Evolutionary independent population of a group of population, 7th |
| Natural Selection | Process where heritable traits that allow for survival/reproduction leads to gene changes in a species |
| Heritable | Traits that are transferred down from each generation |
| Speciation | Evolution of two or more species from an ancestral species |
| Fitness | Individual ability for viable offspring in competition w/ other of same species |
| Adaptation | Any heritable trait that increases fitness |
| Tree of Life/Phylogenic Tree | A branching diagram that shows evolutionary relation among species, it encompasses all organisms |
| Phylogeny | Evolutionary history of a group of organisms |
| LUCA | Last Universal Common Ancestor |
| Eukaryote | Organisms w/ nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, & extensive cytoskeleton, uni or multicellular |
| Prokaryote | Bacteria/archaea, uni-celled organism, no nucleus, few organelles, & few cytoskeletons |
| Taxonomy | Branch of biology that describes, names, & classifies groups of organisms |
| Taxon | Group of organisms at any level of the classification system |
| Domain | Taxon category, based around common cell biochemistry, above kingdom, bacteria, archaea, & eukaryote, protein w/ distinctive tertiary structure & function, 1st |
| Phylum | Taxon category, above class, below kingdom, in plants called division, 3rd |
| Genus | Taxon category, close related species, always capitalized & italicized, 7th |
| Scientific Name | Unique two-part name to each species, genus -> species name, always italicized, aka latin name |
| Carbohydrate | C, H, O, & C-H, sugar, starch, & fiber, used for quick usable energy, aka sugar |
| Monosaccharide | CH2O, simple sugar, cannot get smaller, glucose, fructose, & ribose |
| Oligosaccharide | Linear branch of carbohydrate chain w/ > to monosaccharides, glycosidic linkage, “few sugars” |
| Polysaccharide | Linear branch of carbohydrate chain w < to monosaccharides, glycosidic linkage, “many sugars” |
| Triose | Monosaccharide w/ three carbon atoms |
| Pentose | Monosaccharide w/ 5 carbon atoms |
| Hextose | Monosaccharide w/ 6 carbon atoms |
| Disaccharide | Carbohydrate w/ two monosaccharide sugars linked |
| Glycosidic Linkage | Covalent bond formed by condensation reaction b/tw two sugar monomers |
| Starch | Two storage polysaccharides, amglose, & amylopectin, fruits, vegetables, & grains |
| Glycogen | Highly-branched storage polysaccharides w/ glucose monomers, major form of stored carbohydrates in animals |
| Cell Wall | Fibrous membrane outside of plasma membrane, plants, fungi, bacteria, archaea, & many eukaryotes |
| Cellulose | Structured polysaccharide made from glucose monomers, plant cell walls |
| Chitin | Structural polysaccharide made from N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) monomers, cell walls of fungi & algae, & exoskeletons |
| Peptidoglycan | Complex structural polysaccharide, bacteria cell walls, maintain shape & protect from external threats |
| Glycolipid | Any lipid molecule that is covalently bonded to one or more carbohydrates |
| Glycoprotein | Any protein molecule that is covalently bonded to one or more carbohydrates, usually oligosaccharide |
| Photosynthesis | Biological process, light energy -> chemical energy, stored in carbohydrate GP3, plants, algae, & bacteria |
| Amylases | Any enzyme that can break down starch by catalyzing hydrolysis |
| Phosphorylase | An enzyme that can break down starch by catalyzing hydrolysis |
| Lipid | Any organic substance that doe snot absorb in water, but dissolves in non-polar organic solvents, fatty acids, fats, oils, waxes, steroids & phospholipids |
| Hydrocarbons | Organic molecule that contains only hydrogen & carbon atoms |
| Fatty Acids | Lipid w/ a hydrocarbon chain bonded at one end to a carboxyl group, stores chemical energy |
| Saturated | Lipids w/ only Carbon - Carbon single bonds, high melting points |
| Unsaturated | Lipids w/ at least one Carbon - Carbon double bond, causes links in the hydrocarbon chain, low melting point |
| Waxes | Lipids w/ extremely long saturated hydrocarbon tails, hard & less greasy than fats |
| Oil | Polysatured fat that is liquid at room temperature |
| Steroids | Lipid w/ four-ring hydrocarbon structure, hormones, muscles, & immune system |
| Fats | Lipids w/ three fatty acid molecules joined by ester linkages |
| Glycerol | Three carbon molecules that form the “backbone” of phospholipids & fats |
| Ester Linkage | Covalent bond, condensation reaction b/tw carboxyl & hydroxyl groups, joins fatty acids and glycerol to form a fat or phospholipid |
| Phospholipids | Lipids w/ hydrophilic head & hydrophobic tail, major component for plasma membrane and organelle membrane |
| Amphipathic | Substances w/ hydrophilic & hydrophobic regions, “dual-sympathy” |
| Binary Fission | One cell divides into two genetic clones, in prokaryotes and very few eukaryotes |
| Mitosis & Cytokinesis | Produces two cells, w/ nucleus, same number of chromosomes as starting cell, only eukaryotes, Mitosis- nucleus split, Cytokinesis- cell split |
| Meiosis & Cytokinesis | Produces four cells, w/ nucleus, 1/2 number of chromosomes as starting cell, only eukaryotes, Meiosis- nucleus split, Cytokinesis- cell split |
| Observations | Determining or describing the properties of a phenomenon, sense and instruments |
| Inferences | Drawing conclusions, explanations, or interpretations about a specific phenomenon based off of observations & data |
| Qualitative | Describes what is being observed, uses sense |
| Quantitative | Measures what is being observed, uses tools, instruments, and sense for numerical or statistical information |
| Anthropomorphism | Tendency to attribute human emotions, traits, and intentions to non-human organisms or abiotic phenomenon |
| Metabolism | The sum of the chemical reactions taking place in a cell, rearranging matter, energy transformation, metabolic pathways |
| Autotrophic Metabolism | Self-food, producer, plant, photosynthesis |
| Heterotrophic Metabolism | Other-food, feeders, animals, consumption |
| Homeostasis | Array of stable chemical and physiological conditions in an organism’s cell tissues and organs, wants to stay in a certain range, w/ adapt to do so |
| Metabolic Pathways | Series of chemical reactions in a cell to convert molecules into different substances |
| Macromolecules | Large molecules composed of smaller molecules, polymers built from monomers |
| Polymer | Large molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers |
| Monomer | Small strands that have similar structure and chemistry, but not identical |
Created by:
KimbaPasch
Popular Biology sets