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macromolecules
chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| macromolecule | -large organic compounds - interaction of many different elements |
| complex structure | specialized function |
| first signs of life are | DNA and RNA |
| polymers | macromolecules made of similar or identical building blocks |
| how are polymers constructed and deconstructed? | dehydration and hydrolysis |
| dehydration | construct: DNA replication |
| hydrolysis | deconstruct: digestion |
| biologically important macromolecules | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleotides |
| carbohydrates | sugars: normally carbon ring structure with many hydroxyls many roles: energy, structure |
| monosaccharides | simple sugars composed of a single sugar molecule - glucose, fructose and galactose - converted into ATP during cellular respiration |
| disaccharides | carbohydrates containing two monosaccharides ex. maltose, lactose, and sucrose |
| glycosidic linkage | Covalent bond between monosaccharides |
| Energy Storage Polysaccharides | starch - energy storage in plants glycogen- energy storage in animals |
| structural polysaccharides | chitin- structure in animals and fungi cellulose: structure in plants |
| cellulose | largely indigestible by animals -lack the enzyme to break down the glucose form in cellulose |
| lipids | -fats -steroids -phospholipids -made up of long hydrocarbon chains;nonpolar -hydrophobic organic molecules |
| fats | glycerol: hydroxyl 3 fatty acids: hydrocarbons |
| fat functions | -store 2x energy -insulation -cushion internal anatomy |
| steroids | -cholesterol basic structure of many other hormones |
| phospholipids | phosphate group attaches to glycerol instead of 3rd fatty acid |
| phospholipids in cell membrane | hydrophilic head allows phospholipids to sit in water hydrophilic tail creates a barrier |
| replicators | a molecule that can make a copy of itself |
| DNA & RNA | nucleic acids -store, express, and transmit heritable information genes -unit of heredity, gene sequence defines amino acid sequence of proteins, code for traits |
| nucleic acid | nucleotide: -pentose sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base polynucleotide: -monomers of nucleotides, linked by -OH group on 3' carbon of one nucleotide and -PO4 on the 5' carbon next |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid -heritable molecule -dioxyribose |
| base pairs - DNA | single C&N ring (pyrimidines) - thymine and cytosine double C&N ring (purines) adenine and guanine |
| replication | replicate by free nucleotides binding to exposed base pairs |
| RNA | Ribonucleic acid -single helix, short, ribose -uracil instead thymine |
| proteins | polymer chain of amino acids - 20 amino acids |
| what functional groups are in proteins? | amino and carboxyl |
| amino acids sides | -nonpolar, polar, or electorally charged |
| essential amino acids | -cannot be synthesized by the organism -must arrive via food -humans 10 essential AA |
| nonessential amino acids | organism can synthesize - humans readily synthesize 7 AA |
| amino acids are not stored | must be consumed or synthesized |
| peptide bonds | -dehydration -protein created by peptide bonds between AA -bond between carboxyl of the 1st AA and the amino of 2nd AA |
| diverse functions | immune system: antibodies storage: albumin signaling: insulin contractile: actin & myosin |
| structural proteins | balanced flexibility and strength |
| e. coli | -3% DNA -20% RNA -50% + Proteins |
Created by:
ammorale
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