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chemistry

chapter 2

QuestionAnswer
matter takes up space and has mass
elements in pure form 92 naturally occurring elements
atoms - smallest particles that retain chemical elements -cannot be broken down by chemical reactions -foundation of life -made up of subatomic particles
atomic number proton
atomic mass proton + neutron
first electron shell can hold 2 electrons
outermost electron shell can hold 8 electrons
valence shell outer shell
iodine deficiency results enlarged thyroid gland
isotopes -proton number is consistent for each element -neutron number can variation -isotopes describe the different forms of elements
compounds substance consisting of two or more different elements
chemical bonds atoms with incomplete valence shells will be attracted to each other
ionic bonds one element donates an electron to another element - complete polarity -electron orbits do not overlap
cation donating ion - positively charged
anion recipient ion - negatively charged
electrostatic interaction holds the elements together
covalent bonds elements share electron(s) = molecule nonpolar bond oxygen approach each other to complete valence shell
electronegativity difference among atoms affects the type chemical bond influenced by elements density and fullness of valence shell
higher density & complete valence shell =higher electronegativity
the larger the difference = the tighter the grip on the shared electrons
polar covalent bond Many covalent bonds are polar when shared electron is more attracted to one of the elements
oxygen = negative
hydrogen = positive
hydrogen bond adjacent polar molecules attach from negative to positive polar ends
Van der Waals Forces Continuous movement of electrons can create hotspots (negatively and positively charged areas) in elements and molecules
Created by: ammorale
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