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carbon
chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| carbon | backbone of life because it exists in all living organisms |
| biochemistry | a branch of organic chemistry |
| compounds with a C backbone attach to | other atoms, including H, O, N, & P |
| 10 million known organic compounds | natural and synthesized |
| forms of elemental carbon | coal, graphite, and diamond |
| bonding versatility | bonds can vary by length, shape, and orientation |
| isomers | molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties |
| structural isomers | compounds that differ in arrangement of covalent bonds |
| geometric isomers | arrangement of atoms differs around double-bonded carbons |
| hydrocarbons | organic molecules consisting of C and H |
| methane | accounts for 16% of greenhouse gases |
| hydrocarbons are | nonpolar and hydrophobic |
| methane seeps | organisms in these deep-sea ecosystems live off metabolism of methane |
| greenhouse gases | carbon dioxide and methane |
| carbon dioxide | an inorganic form of carbon released from activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation |
| methane | inorganic as a greenhouse gas because it contributes to the greenhouse effect when released from natural and human activities |
| how do greenhouse gases trap heat? | absorb and re-radiate infrared radiation |
| r = | c skeleton |
| functional groups | chemically reactive groups of atoms within an organic molecule |
| functional groups are | typically, polar because of attached O or N; hydrophilic; give organic molecules distinctive chemical properties |
| hydroxyl | -OH -polar |
| carbonyl | -c double bonded to O - the O pulls strongly on the shared electron |
| carboxyl | - the c is double-bonded to a O and single-bonded to an OH -acts as an acid |
| amino | - N is bonded to 2 H and a C skeleton - acts as a base |
| sulfhydryl | - SH attached to a C skeleton -moderately polar -disulfide bond |
| phosphate | - negative charge - 1 double-bonded to a O and 3 single-bonded O to a P that is bonded to a C skeleton -can store an abundance of energy in the form of ATP |
| Methyl | - R-CH3 -nonpolar -affects gene expression at C-N-G |
| C-N-G sites are | rare in eukaryotes but common in gene regulation |
| normal methylation turns off | gene expression |
| Miller-Urey experiment | organic compounds, including amino acids, could be synthesized naturally from inorganic molecules |
Created by:
ammorale
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