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General Biology
Chapter 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Polar Molecule | oppositely charged molecule |
| Solute | Able to be dissolved in the solvent |
| Acid | A substance that increases hydrogen ions concentration in a solution, usually by having one of its hydrogen atoms dissociate |
| Adhesion | The attraction between water molecules and other molecules |
| Aliphatic Hydrocarbon | Consisting of linear chains of carbon atoms and sometimes they can form rings with all single bonds |
| Anion | Negative ions formed by gaining electrons |
| Aromatic Hydrocarbon | Hydrocarbon consisting of closed rings of carbon atoms |
| Atom | The smallest unit of matter that retains all of the element's chemical properties |
| Atomic Mass | The number of protons & neutrons together in an element |
| Atomic Number | The number of protons in an element |
| Balanced Chemical Equation | Wherein each element's number of atoms is the same on each side of the equation |
| Base | Provides either hydroxide ions or other negatively charged ions that combine with hydrogen ions, reducing their concentration in the solution and thereby raising the pH (Anything above 7 on the pH scale) |
| Buffer | Is a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components |
| Calorie | An energy unit equal to the approximate amount of energy required to raise one gram of water by one degree Celsius or about joules |
| Capillary Action | The ascension of liquids through slim tube, cylinder or permeable substance due to adhesive and cohesive forces interacting between the liquid and the surface |
| Cation | Positive ions that form by losing electrons |
| Chemical Bond | When an element does not have enough electrons to fill their outermost shell, atoms form chemical bonds with other atoms |
| Chemical Reaction | Occur when two or more atoms bond together to form molecules or when bonded atoms break apart |
| Chemical Reactivity | The ability to combine & to chemically bond with each other |
| Cohesion | When molecules are attracted to each other, keeping the molecules together at the liquid-gas interface |
| Compound | contain atoms of more than one type of element |
| Covalent Bond | Sharing electrons between atoms to satisfy the octet rule |
| Dissociation | Occurs when atoms or groups of atoms break off from molecules and form ions |
| Electrolyte | Certain salts, such as sodium, potassium and calcium |
| Electron | Negatively charged and much smaller in mass than protons. |
| Electron Configuration | The arrangement of electrons in orbitals around an atomic nucleus |
| Electron Orbital | Complex shapes that surround an atom and is filled with electrons |
| Electron Transfer | The movement of electrons from one element to another |
| Electronegativity | A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons |
| Elements | Unique forms of matter with specific chemical & physical properties that cannot break down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions |
| Enantiomers | Molecules that share the same chemical structure and chemical bonds but differ in the three-dimensional placement of atoms, so they are non superimposable mirror images |
| Equilibrium | A state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced |
| Evaporation | When individual molecules acquire enough energy from other molecules such that some molecules can escape and vaporize |
| Functional Group | Groups of atoms that occur within molecules and confer specific chemical properties to those molecules |
| Geometric Isomer | Have a different arrangement of atoms around a double bond |
| Heat of Vaporization of Water | The amount of energy required to change one gram of a liquid substance to a gas |
| Hydrocarbon | Chains of carbon atoms bonded only to hydrogen atoms |
| Hydrogen Bond | A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other |
| Hydrophilic | Water Loving |
| Hydrophobic | Water fearing |
| Inert Gas | or noble gases, Highly stable single atoms |
| Ion | Any atom or group of atoms that bears one or more positive or negative electrical charges |
| Ionic bond | Form between ions with opposing charges |
| Irreversible Chemical Reaction | A reaction that proceeds in one direction only; the products do not react together to reform the reactants |
| Isomers | Molecules that share the same chemical formula but differ in the placement structure of their atoms and/ or chemical bonds |
| Isotope | Different forms of an element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons |
| Law of Mass Action | Law stating that the rate of any chemical reaction is proportional to the product of the masses of the reacting substances |
| Litmus Paper | or pH paper, Filter paper treated with natural water-soluble dye for use as a pH indicator |
| Mass Number | The number of protons and neutrons together |
| Matter | Any substance that occupies space and has mass |
| Molecules | Two or more atoms chemically bonded together |
| Neutron | Uncharged |
| Noble Gas | or inert gas, Highly stable single atoms |
| Nonpolar Covalent Bond | Form between two atoms of the same element or between different elements that share electrons equally |
| Nucleus | In the atom's center and contains protons & neutrons |
| Octet Rule | With the exception of the innermost shell, that atoms are more stable energetically when they have eight electrons in their valence shell |
| Orbital | Region surrounding the nucleus, contains electrons |
| Organic Molecule | Are molecules containing both hydrogen & carbon. (All living things things, humans, plants food) |
| Periodic Table | Organizes and displays different elements |
| pH paper | or litmus paper, Filter paper treated with natural water-soluble dye for use as a pH indicator |
| pH scale | A scale that ranges from 0 to 14 and measures how acidic an object is |
| Polar Covalent Bond | Atoms unequally share the electrons and are attracted more to one nucleus than the other |
| Product | The substances at the end of the reaction |
| Proton | Positively charged |
| Radioisotope | Some isotopes may emit neutrons, protons, and electrons, and attain a more stable atomic configuration (lower level of potential energy) |
| Reactant | The substances used in the beginning of a chemical reaction |
| Reversible Chemical Reaction | Those that can go in either direction |
| Solvent | A substance capable of dissolving other polar molecules and ionic compounds |
| Specific Heat Capacity | The amount of heat one gram of substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree celsius |
| Sphere of Hydration | A hydration shell |
| Structural Isomers | Differ in placement of their covalent bonds |
| Substituted Hydrocarbon | Molecules with other elements in their carbon backbone |
| Surface Tension | The capacity of a substance to withstand rupturing when placed under tension or stress |
| Valence Shell | The outer most electron shell |
| Explain what it means when someone says, “Water is a polar molecule.” (Bet you hear that all the time!) | It means that on one end of the molecule, water is positive and on the other end it is negative. It has an unequal sharing of electrons |
| What are hydrogen bonds? | These bonds are weak and easily broken. They usually occur in water molecules and when in large quantities, they can create a major force. |
| Why is it difficult to heat up (or cool down) water? | Water has the highest specific heat capacity of any liquid. The amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius. |
| Why is water such a good solvent? Are there any substances water cannot dissolve? Why or why not? | Water is a good solvent because the slightly positive and negative charges allow ions and polar molecules to dissolve. Some substances that cannot dissolve in water are hydrophobic, such as oil and fats. |
| What is surface tension? Give some biological examples of why surface tension in water is important. | Surface tension is when a substance can be placed under tension or stress without rupturing. An example: Insects in the ecosystem use surface tension to lay their eggs. |
| What is a surfactant? | They are chemical compounds that decrease the surface tension or interfacial tension |
| What exactly does a pH of 4 mean? | A pH of 4 means it is acidic |
| What impact does changing pH have on proteins? | Changing the pH causes the protein to have a different function, when you add an acid to an egg, the egg will start to cook and change |
| What are buffers? What do they do? Why are they important? | Buffers are there to maintain the pH level of a substance and they are important because when you need to keep your body neutral and you ingest something acidic, it will not change the pH level. |
| What makes ionic bonds different from covalent bonds? | Ionic bonds give away an electron and covalent bonds share electrons. This is why covalent bonds are stronger. |
| Why are hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions necessary for cells? | They are necessary because they contribute to the three-dimensional structure in our cells that is necessary for their proper function |
| Discuss how buffers help prevent drastic swings in pH. | Buffers are there to keep the pH levels from changing |
| Why can some insects walk on water? | Insects can walk on water because of surface tension |
| What property of carbon makes it essential for organic life? | Organic molecules must contain carbon and hydrogen and these molecules make up all living things |
| Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated triglycerides. | Saturated triglycerides have a hydrogen for every carbon and unsaturated triglycerides do not have a hydrogen for every carbon |
Created by:
ciguado5
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