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bio chapter 5
biology exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a polymer? | A long molecule consisting of many similar, repetitive building blocks (monomers) |
| What are monomers? | A small molecule that reacts with a similar molecule to form a larger molecule (polymers) |
| How are polymers and monomers related to each other? | A monomer is a starting unit for a polymer |
| What are dehydration reactions (condensation reactions) | They build larger molecules and liberate a H2O in the process, joining monomers together, releases water and forms new bonds |
| what are hydrolysis reactions? | Uses water to break apart bond, they break monomer units off a polymer and make the polymer shorter (opposite of dehydration reactions) |
| What are the four different macromolecules? | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| What are carbohydrates? | Hydrated carbons |
| What is the general molecular formula for carbohydrates? | C6H12O6 |
| How do monosaccharides differ from each other? | They differ structurally and chemically |
| With monosaccharides, what is the location of a carbonyl group? | One carbon in the chain will form a double bond with an oxygen (carbonyl group). If this carbonyl occurs at the end of the chain, the monosaccharide is in the aldose family |
| What is the number of carbons in monosaccharides? | 6 |
| What is a linear monosaccharide? | A straight-chain structure with a carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl groups |
| What is a ring monosaccharide? | 5 or more carbon atoms making a ring in an aqueous solution caused by carboxyl and hydroxyl groups react within the same molecule. |
| What is an example of monosaccharides? | Glucose, ribose, fructose (sugars) |
| What are examples of disaccharides? | Sucrose, lactose, maltose |
| What are the monomeric subunits that make up disaccharides? | Glucose and galactose |
| What are polysaccharides? | Large polymers with many monosaccharides |
| What are a polysaccharides specific function? | Structural support, energy storage, and cellular communication |
| What energy do polysaccharides store? | Starch and glycogen |
| What organisms are polysaccharides found in? | Plants, bacteria, animals, fungi, and algae |
| What monomeric subunits make up polysaccharides? | Starch, glycogen, chitin, cellulose |
| What bonds hold the monomers together in polysaccharides? | glycosidic bonds |
| What is amylose? | Polysaccharide and one of the main components of starch. Structure is linear unbranched chains, water soluble, more resistant in digestion due to helical structure |
| What is amylopectin? | Polysaccharide and one of the main components of starch. structure is branch, not water-soluble, more readily to digest due to its branched structure |
| What is the difference between the two starches and glycogen? | Starch is found in plants; glycogen is stored in liver and muscle cells in animals and is more highly branched making it more readily accessible for energy release |
| What is the structure of polysaccharides in cellulose? | Made of β-D-glucose units linked by β(1→4) glycosidic bonds, forming straight, strong fibers. |
| What is the structure of polysaccharides in chitin? | Composed of N-acetylglucosamine (a derivative of glucose) units linked by β(1→4) glycosidic bonds, forming long, strong chains |
| Where is cellulose found in polysaccharides? | Found in the cell walls of plants, where it provides structural support and rigidity. |
| Where is chitin found in polysaccharides? | Found in the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans, as well as in the cell walls of fungi. |
| What specific monomeric subunit makes up chitin? | Composed of N-acetylglucosamine monomers linked by glycosidic bonds |
| What specific monomeric subunit makes up cellulose? | Made up of β-D-glucose monomers linked by β glycosidic bonds |
| What type of bond holds monomeric subunits together in cellulose? | Glycosidic bonds |
| What bond holds the linear strands together in cellulose? | Hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups on adjacent chains |
| What organisms can digest cellulose? | Animals like cows, sheep, and horses (herbivores), termites, and microorganisms |
| What role does cellulose play in human diets? | Adds bulk to stool and helps maintain regular bowel movements, promotes feeling of fullness, slows down absorption of sugar/ regulate blood sugar levels, help lower cholesterol levels |
Created by:
josie_d
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