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Cell Structs & Funcs
Cell structures and functions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells similar and different? | Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles. Both have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. |
| Where is the cytosol found in a eukaryotic cell, and what does it do? | The cytosol is the fluid that's inside the cell and outside the organelles. It supports cell functions, such as chemical reactions and transportation of materials. |
| What are the three types of filaments in the cytoskeleton? | The cytoskeleton consists of microtubules (for shape and transport), intermediate filaments (for strength), and actin filaments (for movement and shape). |
| How do motor proteins help cells move? | Motor proteins "walk" along microtubules or actin filaments by binding by the head onto the filaments while carrying cargo, or they cause structures like cilia and flagella to bend, helping the cell move. |
| What is the structure of the nucleus? | The nucleus has a double membrane called the nuclear envelope, contains chromatin (DNA and proteins), and houses the nucleolus, where ribosomes are made. |
| What are the components and functions of the endomembrane system? | The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles, which all work together for protein and lipid synthesis, modification, and transport. |
| How are the rough ER and smooth ER different? | The rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins, while the smooth ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids, detoxifies chemicals, and stores calcium. |
| What are the functions of the plasma membrane? | The plasma membrane protects the cell, controls what enters and leaves, and helps with cell communication, signaling, and adhesion. |
| What are the structures and functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts? | Mitochondria produce ATP through cellular respiration, and chloroplasts convert sunlight into glucose through photosynthesis in plants. |
| What is the evidence for the endosymbiosis theory? | Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA (circular) and double membranes, and are of similar size and shape to bacteria. |
| How are proteins directed to the correct parts of the cell? | Proteins have "tags" or signal sequences that guide them to specific cellular compartments like the nucleus, mitochondria, or ER. |
| How are bacterial, animal, and plant cells different? | Bacterial cells are simpler and lack organelles, with DNA free in the cytoplasm. Animal and plant cells have organelles, a nucleus, and a flexible membrane. Plant cells also have a rigid cell wall, a large vacuole, and chloroplasts. |
| How can a eukaryotic cell be seen as four interacting systems? | - Nucleus: sends mRNA to cytosol for protein synthesis - Cytosol: synthesizes proteins and molecules, then transports to organelles - Endo system: processes and transports molecules - Semi-auto organelles: provide energy for these processes |
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