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bio chapter 4

biology exam 1

QuestionAnswer
What are different examples of molecules that carbon is a central component of? Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids
What is organic chemistry? Study of carbon compounds
Why is carbon the most diverse atom from which large and complex molecules are made of? carbon’s ability to form stable bonds with many elements
What are the four major elements that make up 96% of mass of living organisms? Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen
How many electrons does hydrogen need in the valence shell? 1
How many electrons does oxygen need in the valence shell? 2
How many electrons does nitrogen need in the valence shell? 3
How many electrons does carbon need in the valence shell? 4
What are 4 different types of carbon variations that create a large diversity in macromolecules? Length, branching, double bond position, and rings
What are hydrocarbons? Organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
What are isomers? Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties
What is the molecular formula? C5H12 (different formation of chains (straight/branched))
What are structural isomers? They have different covalent arrangements of their atoms
What are cis-trans isomers? They have the same covalent arrangement but differ in spatial arrangement (geometric isomers)
What are enantiomers? Mirror images of each other and differ in spatial arrangement around asymmetric carbon
Why are enantiomers important from a pharmacology perspective? Manipulation of the enantiomeric ratio or the use of only one enantiomer of a drug may allow separation of toxicity and efficacy, and this may lead to a significant increase in therapeutic ratio and a more rational approach to therapeutics
What are functional groups? Components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions
What are the seven different functional groups? Hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
Created by: josie_d
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