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Introduction to Cell
Biology Topic 1, Sub-Topic 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is cytology? | The study of cell's different aspects |
| What is the first point of cell theory? | All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells |
| What is the second point of cell theory? | Cells are the smallest units of life |
| What is the third point of cell theory? | All cells come from pre-existing cells |
| Who is Robert Hooke? | Created first form of microscope, took piece of cork and saw its "cells" (they looked like rooms to him |
| First Level of Organization | Cell |
| Second Level of Organization | Tissue |
| Third Level of Organization | Organ |
| Fourth Level of Organization | Organ System |
| Fifth Level of Organization | Organism |
| Who is Antoine van Leeuwenhoek? | Used microscope to view pond water, used slide for the first time, and called the living and moving cells "animalcules" |
| Who is Matthias Schleiden? | Looked at plant cells, helped create and reinforce cell theory |
| Who is Theodor Schwann? | Looked at animal cells, helped create and reinforce cell theory |
| Who is Louis Pasteur? | Performed experiment with swan-neck flask, proved spontaneous generation is wrong, and found that exposure of cells to pre-existing cells creates life again |
| What year did Robert Hooke see cells? | 1665 |
| What is spontaneous generation? | Cells appear out of nowhere |
| What is a medium? | Used for growing bacteria (i.e. aeger, rice, chicken broth) |
| How do you sterilize something? | FIRE |
| Swan Neck Flask Experiment | Chicken broth in a swan neck flask with no change despite the 7 days. Then, Pasteur breaks the flask's neck allowing air to get into the chicken broth. Finally, now that the bacteria can get inside, things begin to change (odor). |
| First Function of Life | Metabolism |
| Second Functin of Life | Growth |
| Third Function of Life | Reproduction |
| Fourth Function of Life | Response |
| Fifth Function of Life | Homeostasis |
| Sixth Function of Life | Nutrition |
| Seventh Function of Life | Excretion |
| What is a catabolic reaction? | breaking down larger molecules |
| What is an anabolic reaction? | building up smaller molecules |
| Example of metabolism | cellular respiration |
| P | Prophase |
| M | Metaphase |
| A | Anaphase |
| T | Telephase |
| C | Citokinesis |
| What happens in mitosis? | PMATC |
| What happens in interphase? | G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase |
| What happens in G1? | Cellular contents (except chromosomes) are duplicated, double organelles created |
| What happens in S? | Synthesis of DNA, 46 chromosomes duplicated in the cell |
| What happens in G2? | Cell "double checks" for any error and makes repairs |
| First type of reproduction | Mitosis |
| Second type or reproduction | Meiosis |
| How many cells does mitosis create? | 2 |
| How many cells does meiosis create? | 4 |
| How many times does mitosis go through PMATC? | 1 |
| How many times does meiosis go through PMATC? | 2 |
| What types of cells does mitosis create? | Somatic cells (body cells) |
| What types of cells does meiosis create? | Gametes (sex cells) |
| What types of molecules does reproduction produce? | Hereditary molecules |
| Why is response important? | Responding to stimuli in the environment is crucial for the organism |
| First type of response | Isotonic |
| Second type of response | Hypertonic |
| Third type of response | Hypotonic |
| What happens in an isotonic solution? | Equilibrium = balance |
| What happens in a hypertonic solution? | There's more solute outside than inside the organism. Shrivels up = cell death |
| What happens in a hypotonic solution? | There's more solute inside than ouside the organism. Apoptosis occurs = cell death |
| Where does water always want to go to? | Where there's a higher concentration |
| What is homeostasis? | Maintenance of a constant internal environment, control |
| What is the optimal temperature of the human body? | 37 degrees Celcius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit |
| What temperature indicates that you have a fever? | 104 degrees Fahrenheit |
| What are antagonistic hormones? | Insulin lowers blood sugar levels, while glucose brings up sugar levels |
| What are the two parts of homeostasis? | Internal balance and equilibrium |
| What is gastrin? | release of HCl |
| What is secretin? | stop release of HCl |
| Positive Feedback Mechanism | Amplifies |
| What are uterine contractions? | contractions during childbirth |
| What is oxytocin? | a horomone that increases during childbirth and stops when the baby is completely out of the body (pressure) |
| What does nutrition do? | Provides source of compounds with chemical bonds |
| What makes up proteins/ | Amino Acides |
| What makes up Lipids? | Fatty Acids |
| What makes up Carbohydrates? | Monosaccharides |
| What is the first system that is used during excretion? | Digestive System - feces |
| What is the second system that is used during excretion? | Integumentary System - sweat |
| What is the third system that is used during excretion? | Excretory/Urinary System - urine |
| What is the fourth system that is used during excretion? | Repiratory System - CO2 |
| Decreasing Order #1 | Cells |
| Decreasing Order #2 | Organelles |
| Decreasing Order #3 | Bacteria |
| Decreasing Order #4 | Viruses |
| Decreasing Order #5 | Membrane |
| Decreasing ORder #6 | Molecules |
| Examples of cells | secondary ooacite cell (biggest cell to exist - only in females) |
| Examples of organelles | mitochondria, chloroplast |
| Examples of bacteria | E. coli |
| Examples of viruses | COVID, HIV |
| Examples of membrane | phospholipids |
| Examples of Molecules | proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates |
| What is volume? | How much space a shape is taking up |
| What is surface area? | How much space a shape has outside |
| Why is the volume:area ratio important? | Helps find the rate that things can enter and exit the cell (the smaller the rate, the better the exchange) |
| Why is the size of a cell important? | Reaction rate depends on the size of the cell (the bigger the cell, the slower the reaction rate) |
| Why are cells big? | 1. Affected by solute (hypotonic = cell death) 2. Mitosis - trying to make space for 2 cells (ONE nucleus, double the material) |
| What is a stem cell? | cells that are undifferentiated or don't have a specific function; they normally have a HUGE nucleus |
| What is a multipotent stem cell? | Adult stem cells |
| What is a pluripotent stem cell? | Embryonic stem cells |
| First method that pluripotent stem cells are extracted | Discarded embryos |
| Second method that pluripotent stem cells are extracted | Umbilical chord |
| Third method that pluripotent stem cells are extracted | IVF (Invitro Fertilization) |
| What does leukemia affect? | bone marrow, cancer, and children + adults |
| How does cell differentiation occur? | Some genes are expressed and not others |
| Cells only become a specific cell if | the DNA is active |
| Where are genes located? | in the DNA of chromosomes |
| Which cells cannot reproduce after specialization? | Nerve cells, muscle cells |
| Which cells continue to reproduce forever? | Epithellial cells, skin cells |
| What is differentiation? | The process of cells being specialized |
| What types of cells does the pancreas produce? | Alpha and beta cells |
| What is an alpha cell? | insulin |
| What is a beta cell? | glucagon |
| What does columnar mean? | epithelllial cells in a column |
| What does simple mean? | one row of epithellial cells |
| What does stratified squamous mean? | many variations of epithellial cells |
| What are cancer cells | Cells that have gone through differentiation IMPROPERLY |
| What does "onco-" mean? | Cancer |
| What | Genes that are turned ON to create cancer cells, can come from ANYTHING in the environment |
| What is a tumor? | tissue of cancer cells |
| What is Stargardt's Disease? | Defect in Vitamin A |
| What happens when Vitamin A is defected? | Your retina, which has light sensitive cells, can't function properly (a.k.a. you can't see well) |
| How can you treat Stargardt's Disease? | Human embryonic stem cells |
| What is an atrophy? | something that grows in size when the disease is extremely advanced and blocks sight eventually |
| What are photoreceptors? | cells that help us see color, darkness, etc. |
Created by:
ckhiem
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