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The Physics of Sound
Audiology Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are Physical Properties? | A series of disturbance of molecules that propagate through an elastic medium such as air |
| What are Psychological Properties? | The act of hearing a sound. The sensory perception of physical disturbances |
| Acoustics | The science of sound |
| In order for sound to be present there must be an initial _________ and a medium that has ________ and ____________ | Vibration of molecules, mass, elasticity |
| Sound waves | Form of vibrations propagated in a medium |
| Elasticity | A deformed object returns to its original form |
| Propagate | Spread and promote |
| What are the two different types of wave motion? | Transverse wave and Longitudinal wave |
| Transverse wave | Particle vibrations are 90° from the direction of wave movement through the medium |
| Longitudinal wave | Vibration of particles is parallel to direction of wave movement through the medium |
| Longitudinal waves propagate through medium by a series of particle _________ and _________ | Condensation and Rarefaction |
| Condensation | Compression of the medium |
| Rarefaction | Expansion of the medium |
| Sinusoidal motion | Particle movement back and forth |
| What are the four basic measurements of a soundwave? | Frequency, wavelength, amplitude, and phase |
| Wavelength | Any point on the sinusoid to the same point on the following cycle |
| What is the wavelength formula? | w=v/f |
| In wavelength, as ___________ increases, _______ decreases | Frequency, wavelength |
| Frequency | Perceived as pitch |
| What is frequency measured in? | Hertz (Hz) |
| What is the frequency formula? | f=1/t |
| As period (t) increases, ________ decreases | Frequency |
| Hertz (Hz) | Cycles per second |
| Period (t) | Time to complete one cycle |
| What is the period formula? | t=1/f |
| When frequency increases, __________ decreases | Period |
| Resonate Frequency | The oscillation of a system at its natural or unforced state |
| More _________, more __________ and longer length of objects results in a __________ resonance frequency | Mass, compliance, lower |
| Less __________, more ___________, and shorter length of an object results in a __________ resonance frequency | Mass, stiffness, higher |
| Amplitude | The distance that mass moves from the point of rest |
| What is amplitude perceived as? | Loudness |
| Intensity | Measure of power or energy expended during particle movement |
| Larger amplitude = Higher ________- Louder __________ | Intensity, Sound |
| What is the softest sound we perceive? | 20 micro pascals |
| What is the loudest sound we perceive? | 200,000,000 micro pascals |
| What does a logarithmic scale do? | Makes it easier to manage the large range of intensity |
| Linear scale | Values increase by equal amounts |
| On what scale can you add and subtract? | Linear scale |
| Logarithmic scale | Values increase exponentially |
| On what scale can you NOT add or subtract? | Logarithmic scale |
| Ratio | Relationship between quantities |
| Ratios are used when calculating decibels to determine what an _________ pressure value means in respect to a pressure _________ value | Observed, reference |
| We need the ________ between the ________ and __________ pressure level in order to calculate a decibel and understand sound intensity | Ratio, reference, observed |
| The ____________ always stays the same when calculating decibels | Standard reference number |
| For reference level, we use either _________ or __________ | Intensity or pressure |
| Intensity reference uses what measurement? | Watts |
| Pressure reference uses what measurement? | Micropascals |
| Is 0 dB SPL an absence of sound? | No |
| Observed Level | The level of Intensity or Pressure that is measured or observed when a sound is present |
| In the observed level, the value changes depending on ________________ | Which sound is being measured |
| The value in observed level is ___________ to the reference level to come up with a decibel value | Compared |
| Positive decibel value | Observed sound was louder than reference |
| Negative decibel value | Observed sound was softer than reference |
| Zero decibel value | Observed value was equal in loudness to the reference |
| What is the formula to calculate sound pressure level (SPL)? | dB SPL = 20 x log (Po/Pr) |
| Phase | Any location in time in the displacement of the vibrating particle |
| Phase is expressed in? | Degrees of a circle (360 degrees) |
| One important aspect of phase is the ____________ | Starting point |
| Can sound have the exact same amplitude and frequency but a different phase? | Yes |
| Complex Sounds | Contain energy at a number of different frequencies and amplitudes |
| Period Complex Sound | Repeats over time |
| Aperiod Complex Sound | Does not repeat of time |
| Aperiod complex sound is typically perceived as? | Noise |
| Sounds in the natural world are ___________ | Complex |
| _____________ are only generated by computers or machines | True sine waves |
| Fourier Analysis | Breaks down Complex sounds into individual pure tone (sinusoidal) components |
| Psychoacoustics | Study of the relationship between physical sound stimuli and psychological perception |
| What are the four parts of psychoacoustics? | Loudness, pitch, localization, and reverberation |
| Pitch is _______ vs. _________ | High, low |
| Pitch relates to _________ | Frequency |
| Humans can hear | 20-20,000 Hz |
| Loudness is _________ vs. ___________ | Soft, loud |
| Loudness relates to _____________ | Intensity |
| Human hearing is _______ equally sensitive to all frequencies | Not |
| Localization | Ability to determine which direction a sound is coming from |
| Localization requires the use of both ears by analyzing the difference in ______ and _________ | Time, intensity |
| Azimuth | The direction a sound source is coming from in degrees |
| Reverbation | The persistence of a sound in a particular space after the original sound source is removed |
| Reverbation is essentially an _______ | Echo |
| How is a soundwave created? | Force is applied to air particles. The air particles bump into each other and create a soundwave |
Created by:
RachelJClark
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