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Animal Behavior
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Behavior | An action carried out by muscles under control of the nervous system |
| Proximate Causation | How a behavior occurs or is modified |
| Ultimate Causation | Why a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection |
| Behavior Ecology | The study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior |
| Fixed Action Pattern | Sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to an external cue called a sign stimulus |
| Migration | Regular, long-distance change in location guided by environmental cues |
| Circadian Rhythm | A daily cycle of rest and activity |
| Circadian Clock | An internal mechanism with 24-hr periodicity |
| Signal | A stimulus generated by 1 animal that guides the behavior of another |
| Communication | Transmission and Reception of signals between animals |
| Four common modes of communication in animals | Visual, chemical, tactile, auditory |
| In a stimulus response chain... | The response to each stimulus is itself a stimulus for the next behavior |
| Pheromones | Odors and tastes that emit chemical substances which animals use for communication |
| Innate Behaviors | Such as a fixed Action Pattern or pheromone signaling--is unlearned behavior performed by all individual the same way each time |
| The capacity for learning... | Depends on the genetically coded development of the nervous system |
| Imprinting | The establishment of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object (only takes place during the sensitive period) |
| Spatial Learning | The establishment of a memory that reflects the environment's spatial structure |
| Cognitive Map | An internal representation of the spatial relationships between objects in its surroundings |
| Associative Learning | Animals associate one feature of their environment with another |
| Classical Conditioning | Type of associative learning in which an arbitrary stimulus is associated with a reward or punishment |
| Operant Conditioning | A type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment (also known as trial-and-error learning) |
| Cognition | A process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgment |
| Social Learning | Learning by observing and interpreting behaviors and their consequences |
| Culture | A system of information transfer through social learning or teaching that influences behavior of individuals in a population |
| Cultural Transfer of Information | Can alter behavioral phenotypes and influence the fitness of individuals |
| Foraging | Also known as food-obtaining behavior, includes recognizing, searching for, capturing, and eating food items |
| Optimal Foraging Model | Views foraging behavior as a compromise between the benefits of nutrition and the costs of obtaining food |
| Costs of foraging include... | Energy expenditure and the risk of being eaten while searching for food |
| Natural Selection | Should favor foraging behavior that minimizes costs and maximizes the benefits |
| Mating System | Refers to the length and number of relationships between males and females |
| Promiscuous | No strong-pair bonds |
| Monogamous | One male mates with one female, males and females look very similar to each other. Males maximize reproductive success by helping one mate care for the offspring. |
| Polygamous | Individual of one sex mates with several individuals of the other sex |
| Sexually Dimorphic | Found in polygamous species, males and females differ in appearance |
| Polygny | One male mates with many females, males are typically more showy and larger than the females. If females can quickly care for themselves, males maximize reproductive success by seeking more mates |
| Polyandry | One female mates with many males, females are often more ornamented and may be larger than the males |
| What is an important factor constraining evolution of mating systems? | The needs of young |
| Sexual Selection | Sexual Dimorphism results from this. This is a form of natural selection in which differences in reproductive success result from differences in mating success |
| Intrasexual Selection | Members of 1 sex choose mates on the basis or certain traits. This involves competition between members of the same sex |
| What is a source of intrasexual selection? | Male competition for mates. It might involve agonistic behavior, a ritualized contest determine which male gets the female. |
| The fitness of a behavioral phenotype... | Often depends on the other behavioral phenotypes in the population |
| Game Theory | Evaluates alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends on the strategies of all individuals involved. This can be applied to mating behavior |
| Like rock, paper, scissors... | Each strategy outcompetes one is outcompeted by the other strategy |
| Frequency-Dependent Selection | Maintains all 3 types; the most prevalent type switches periodically |
| Genetic Variation | Underlies the evolution of particular behaviors, such as "selfless behavior" |
| Master Regulatory Genes | Control behavior by directing the expression and activity of many genes |
| Variation in the activity or amount of a gene product... | Can have a LARGE effect on behavior |
| What determines which behavioral pattern develops? | The expression of the receptor gene for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin |
| Natural Selection... | Favors behavior that maximizes and individual's survival and reproduction (some behaviors are typically selfish, but some animal behaviors appear to be selfless) |
| Altruism | Describes behaviors that reduce the actor's fitness but increase the fitness of other individuals |
| Calling... | Increases an individual's risk of being killed |
| Non-Reproductive Individuals | May sacrifice their lives to protect the queen and kings from predators |
| Inclusive Fitness | Accounts for the feet of both one's own offspring and aid given to enable close relatives to produce offspring |
| Hamilton's Rule | Measures the effect of an altruistic act on fitness considering 3 key variables (benefit, cost, and coefficient of relatedness). rB>C |
| Kin Selection | Favors altruistic behavior by enhancing the reproductive success of relatives; weakens as the relatedness between individuals decreases |
Created by:
AashrithaVarada
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