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Life Science Exam 1
Content Based on Review Questions (Chapter 3)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are nutrients that the human body requires in large quantities? | Macronutrients |
| Which substance is a micronutrient? | Potassium |
| What is a deficiency of water in the body? | Dehydration |
| Which problem might result from decreases in a body's normal water level? | Muscle cramps |
| How many liters of water does an average human replace each day by consuming food? | 1.5 |
| ) Which macronutrient is the major source of energy for cells? | Carbohydrates |
| Which group of nutrients includes milk sugar (lactose)? | Carbohydrates |
| Which food is rich in complex carbohydrates? | Wheat bread |
| Why are whole foods better for your health than processed foods? | Processed foods have been stripped of vitamins and minerals. |
| Carbohydrates provide energy for the body. Why would carbohydrates from an apple be healthier than those from a slice of apple pie? | An apple is a whole food containing fiber, minerals, and vitamins |
| What building blocks make up proteins? | Amino acids |
| What is a saturated fat? | A tightly packed, solid structure with no double bonds |
| Why are unsaturated fats in a liquid state at room temperature? | Double bonds make the structure kink instead of lying flat |
| Why do commercial food manufacturers hydrogenate foods? | To solidify vegetable oil for a longer shelf life |
| How are trans fats different from regular saturated fats? | Trans fats have flattened fatty acids. |
| Why should you be concerned about the trans-fatty acids common in fast foods? | An increased risk of heart disease and diabetes |
| What is the purpose of vitamins in the human body? | Vitamins help enzymes function properly. |
| Which vitamin could accumulate in the body and become toxic? | Vitamin E |
| Which substance can be synthesized by cells using sunlight? | Vitamin D |
| What function do vitamins have as coenzymes? | Helping speed up chemical reactions |
| Which vitamin is water soluble and cannot be synthesized by the body? | B |
| What is a function of antioxidants? | To decrease damage done to cells by free radicals |
| Which antioxidant is naturally found in cocoa? | Flavonol |
| ) Which process does not involve molecules moving across cell membranes? | Hydrogenation |
| What is diffusion? | Molecules moving from high concentrations to low concentrations |
| How would amino acids and calcium ions from the bloodstream move across a plasma membrane? | Facilitated diffusion |
| Which components form the structure of the plasma membrane? | A double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins |
| ) Which molecule requires the most ATP to be used for moving across a plasma membrane? | An ion moving against a concentration gradient |
| Extremely small viruses are still too large to enter cells by passive transport. What process brings viruses into a host cell? | Endocytosis |
| What characteristic applies to the interior of a phospholipid bilayer? | Hydrophobic |
| How would the permeability of the phospholipid bilayer of plasma membranes be described? | The bilayer is differentially permeable. |
| What type of molecules, embedded in phospholipid bilayers, transport hydrophilic molecules into or out of the cell? | Proteins |
| ) What happens when the concentration of a solute is equal on both sides of a plasma membrane? | The net movement of particles through the plasma membrane will stop. |
| Imagine a balloon is made from a membrane that's permeable to water but not sugar molecules. How would the balloon be affected if it is filled with a 50% sugar solution and then placed in a beaker of water? | The balloon would get larger as it gains water. |
| Imagine a balloon is made from a membrane that's permeable to water but not sugar molecules. How would the concentration of sugar inside the balloon be affected if the balloon is filled with a 50% sugar solution and then placed in a beaker of water? | The concentration will decrease. |
| If a drop of purple dye is added to a water-filled vase of white flowers, how will the purple dye move through the water? | From high concentrations of purple dye to low concentrations |
| During diffusion, how do the solute molecules move? | Down a concentration gradient of solute molecules |
| Which process involves the movement of molecules or atoms down a concentration gradient across plasma membranes? | Passive transport |
| Phagocytic white blood cells digest many of the invasive bacteria that enter the human body. How could a bacterial cell enter a white blood cell to be digested? | Endocytosis |
| What are the protein pores in the plasma membrane that allow water to enter cells? | Aquaporins |
| Elodea is a freshwater aquatic plant that is often used as aquarium vegetation. How would an Elodea plant be affected by immersion in a saltwater aquarium? | The cells of the plant would shrink as water from the plant moved into the aquarium. |
| How are large substances moved during exocytosis? | Out of the cell |
| Why are monosaccharides used by body cells? | For energy production |
| Which item has not been tested by the Food and Drug Administration for safety and effectiveness? | Multivitamin |
| Which organelle contains digestive enzymes that degrade macromolecules? | Lysosome |
| Which organelle is found in plant cells but not in animal cells? | Chloroplast |
| Which organelle performs photosynthesis? | Chloroplast |
| Which organelle performs cellular respiration? | Mitochondrion |
| Cells contain proteins that help transport substances from the exterior to the interior of the cell. Where are these proteins found? | Plasma membrane |
| Which organelle is a network of membranes involved in the production of proteins? | Endoplasmic reticulum |
| Which organelle is a stack of membranous sacs that modifies and sends proteins to proper destinations? | Golgi apparatus |
| Which cell component has barrel-shaped rings of microtubules to anchor structures and move chromosomes during animal cell division? | Centriole |
| What is the function of the plasma membrane in a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell? | It isolates the cell's contents from the external environment. |
| A plant is suffering from drought and beginning to wilt. Which cell component is affected and what type of molecule is being lost from this structure? | Vacuole; water |
| How much water does an average human lose each day through sweat, urine, and feces? | 3 Liters (3 L) |
Created by:
FaithMcBaith
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