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Microbiology test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chapter 1 is about...... | The microbial world |
| Part 2 Robert Koch's: Koch's postulates 1. 2. 3. 4. | 1. pathogen must be present in all cases of disesase 2. pathogen must be grown in pure culture 3. pathogen from culture must cause disease 4. pathogen must be isolated and shown to be the sameas original |
| methods used to establish the 3 domains and which nucleotide was used? 1. 2. 3. | 1. rRNA gene sequencing 2. cultivation independent methods of RNA gene analysysis 3. DNA sequencing Nucleotide: rRNA |
| which domain contains aquifex? | Bacteria domain |
| which bacteria do cyanobacteria relate to? | Gram postive bacteria |
| what are the groups in Archea domain? 1. 2. 3. 4. | 1. Halobacterium 2. methanogens 3. Extremophiles 4. Thermophiles |
| Halobacterium features 1. 2. 3. | 1. swim slower than bacteria 2. polyextremophiles (for living in highly saline environments) 3. primary food source for brime |
| Methanogens features 1. 2. | 1. methane by-product producer (farts ) 2. anaerobic |
| Extremophiles features | microbes that inhabit extreme environments including salines, pH, temperature and pressure |
| Thermophiles features | Organisms whose growth temperature optimum exceeds |
| what is an isomer..? | molecules with same molecular formulas but different arrangement of atoms |
| Which type of enantimore predominates in living organisms for sugars and proteins..? ( in other words, which is the dominant form of sugar found in living organisms) | most naturally occurring sugars are D-sugars and most amino acids in proteins are L-amino acids. |
| What types of bonds are formed in the following macromolecules? Carbohydrates: Lipids: Proteins: Nucleic Acids: | Carbohydrates: glycosidic bonds lipids: ester bonds proteins: peptide bonds nucleic acids: phosphodiester bonds |
| Chapter 2 is about..... | Microbial cell structure and function |
| 3 main differences between the light microscope vs electron microscope 1. Magnification 2. Resolution 3. | 1. light microscopes = uses light to see vs electron microscopes uses beam of electrons to magnify 2. EM (electron microscope) have higher resolution (0.2nm) than LM (light microscopes) (0.2mm) 3. |
| what are the common shapes of bacteria? | |
| Which domain contains aquifex? | thermophilic bacteria found in bacteria domain |
| Louis Pasteur Contributions to microbiology 1. 2. 3. | 1. Work on fermentation (germ theory of disease) to oppose spontaneaous generation experiments 2. Pasteur Flask 3. Sterilization Process |
| Alexander Fleming contributions 1. 2. | 1. Discovery of Penicillin through mold growth 2. help develop antibiotics |
| Robert Koch contributions 1. 2. | 1. Kochs Postulates 2. Discovered Mycobacterium Tuberculosis |
| Kochs Postulates 1. 2. 3. 4. | 1. pathogen must be present in all cases 2. pathogen must be grown pure 3. pathogen must cause disease 4. pathogen must be same as the original |
| Components of the cell membrane in bacteria 1. 2. | 1. lipids 2. proteins |
| What type of lipids are found in the bacteria domain? what are they're purpose? | Hopanoids and they stabilize the membrane. |
| Antoni van Leeuwenhoek contributions to Microbiology 1. 2. 3. | 1. First person to see bacteria. 2. constructed Leeuwenhoek microscopes containing a single lens. 3. known as the father of microbiology |
| 3 domains of microbes | 1. Eukaryea 2. Archea. 3. Bacteria |
| Which bacteria do cyanobacteria relate to? | gram postiive |
| 3 common shapes of bacteria | 1. cocci (round or spherical) 2. bacilli (rod-shaped) 3. spiral (helical) |
| 5 common arrangements of bacteria 1. double 2. strip or chain 3. four 4. two tetrads 5. grapes (clusters) | 1. Diplo: cells in pairs 2. Strepto: cells in chains 3. Tetrad: cells remain in groups of four 4. Sarcinae: cells remain in groups of eight 5. Staphylo: cells remain in clusters |
| what are the major components of Lipids in Archaea? 1. 2. 3. | 1. isoprene chains 2. Ether Bonds 3. Glycerol Backbone |
| 3 types of transport systems w/ examples 1. Anorexic 2. Energy Snacker 3. Helper | 1. Passive Transport: high to low; no energy or ATP Ex: Diffusion 2. Active Transport: low to high ; use ATP Ex: sodium-potassium pump 3. Facilitated Transport ; no ATP Ex: Glucose transport |
| What is the major function of the cytoplasmic membranes? | Selective permeability |
| 3 types of membrane spanning transporters 1. Tunnels 2. Gatekeeper 3. Crank | 1. channel proteins: creates a tunnel ex: aquaporins 2. carrier proteins: in active or passive transport ex: glucose transporters 3. ATP-dependent pumps: use ATP; from low to high concentration ex: sodium-potassium pump |
| Gram-negative cell wall components 1. flags 2. thin fence 3. courtyard 4.gatekeeper | 1. Outer membrane: tough and contains lipopolysaccharides; make humans sick 2. peptidoglycan layer: thin layer on outer membrane; gives shape 3. periplasmic space: holds proteins 4. inner membrane: controls what goes in and out of the bacteria |
| Types of flagella arrangement 1. 2. 3. 4. | 1.Monotrichious: from pole to pole 2.Amphitricious: two flagella, one at each pole 3.Lophotrichous: two or more flagella at one pole 4.Peritrichous: flagella distributed over entire cell |
| Archea cell wall 1. 2. | 1.lack peptidoglycen, 2.lack polysacharides instead have s-layer, methanogens- pseudomurein = peptidoglycen |
| Gram + cell wall | thick layer of peptidoglycan, more structurally diverse, contains teichoic and lipoteichoic acids |
| Acid-fast cell walls | Like gram-positive cell walls, Waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan Mycobacterium Nocardia Stain with carbolfuchsin |
| Taxis | directed movement in response to chemical or physical stimuli |
| Differences between the types of taxis (photo and chemo) | Phototaxis: response to light Chemotaxis: response to chemicals |
| Cell Inclusions do what? 1. 2. 3 | 1. Nutrients: fats or sugar for energy 2. Pigments: give color for the cell 3. Waste: things cells want to get rid of |
| common inclusions 1. 2. 3. 4. | 1. Carbon Storage Polymers ex. glycogen 2. Gas Vesicles: confer buoyancy ex. blooms --> cyanobacteria 3. Magnetosomes ex. magnetospirillum 4. Polyphosphate granules ex. isochromatium buderi |
| components of endospore (our shielded egg!) 1. the yolk 2. thin yolk skin 3. egg white 4. extra egg white skin 5. eggshell 6. plastic wrap for egg :) | 1. core 2. inner membrane 3. cortex 4. outer membrane 5. endospore coat 6. exosporium |
| ribosomes and plasmids | plasmids: one or more small circles of DNA distinct from that of the chromosome; used for cloning ribosomes: synthesize proteins; composed of ribosomal RNA and protein. |
| Whats the reason endospore are produced? | for survival; produced when nutrients are depleted, produced in adverse conditions |
| Chemoorganotrophs | obtain energy from carbon molecules to fuel metabolism |
| Chemolithotrophs | organisms that obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds; use inorganic electron donors |
| phototrophs | obtain energy from light |
| heterotrophic | Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other organisms |
| catabolism | reactions used to obtain energy and break down complex molecules |
| Anabolism | reactions used to synthesize cellular material |
| enzyme | A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reactions in a living thing |
| high energy bond | The bond between two phosphates in an ADP or ATP molecule that readily releases its energy for cellular processes |
| oxidation | loss of electrons |
| reduction | gain of electrons |
| hexokinase catalyzes | phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate |
| Phosphofructokinase catalyzes | Fructose-6-phosphate + ATP >> Fructose-1,6-biphosphate + ADP |
| how does Phosphofructokinase regulate glycolysis? | it regulates glycolysis through allosteric inhibition |
| phosphoglycerate kinase catalyzes | 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate >> 3-phosphoglycerate |
| pyruvate kinase (the final step of glycolysis) catalyzes | phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) >> pyruvate and adeonsine triphosphate (ATP). |
| what are the 2 mechanisms of ATP generation? | Substrate level Phosphorylation: quick energy Oxidative Phosphorylation: sugars and fats for more energy; slower but more energy |
| How many ATP's are made by one Acytle-CoA as it enters the CAC (krebs cycle)? | 1 direct ATP |
| Describe the prepatory reaction of the CAC (krebs cycle) 1. Cutting 2. Adding helpers | 1. taking off CO2 2. adding NAD+ |
| where does the prepatory reaction of the CAC occur? | Mitochondria |
| glycolysis products 1. energy snacks 2. helpers 3. sugar | 1. 2 ATP 2. 2 NADH 3. 2 Pyruvate |
| CAC (kreb cycle) products 1. energy snacks 2. helper #1 3. helper #2 4. excess bits | 1. 2 ATP 2. 6 NADH 3. 2 FADH2 4. 4 CO2 |
| Electron Transport Chain (ETS) products 1. energy snacks (meals at this point) 2.by-product | 1. 28-34 ATP 2. Water (H20)- byproduct when it uses oxygen |
| How many ATPs produce by NADH2 and FADH2? | NADH --> 3 ATPs FADH --> 2 ATPs |
| Which complex do NADH2 and FADH2 donate their electrons to in the ETS? | NADH --> Complex 1 FADH --> Complex 2 |
| Explain chemiosmotic model (think of it like blowing up a balloon and letting air out to do something cool!) 1. Pump Balloon 2. Fully inflated balloon 3. Letting out air through tiny hole 4. balloon flies around | 1. NADH and FADH2 drop off electrons creates energy 2. Energy pumps protons across membrane 3. protons want to move to other side through ATP Synthase 4. Protons rush through ATP Synthase which spins and creates energy that then turns ADP into ATP. |
| Proton Motive Force Process 1. Crowded room 2. balance 3. energy snacks Summary | 1. Proton Build-Up: protons crowded from accross membrane 2. Proton Push: Protons want to move back to less crowded area 3. ATP Production: protons can only flow through ATP Synthase. This proton motive force movement creates ATP |
| Proton Motive Force Definition | proton motive force is the pressure or energy that drives protons through the ATP-making machine. |
| What is the purpose of Fermentation? | to regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue |
| End-products produced by common bacteria 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation: 2. Alcoholic Fermentation: 3. Acetic Acid Fermentation: | 1. Lactic Acid 2. Ethanol and CO2 3. Acetic Acid |
| What are the last electron acceptors for the following: Aerobic Respiration (with oxygen) Anaerobic Respiration (without oxygen) Fermentation (also without oxygen) Oxygen nitrate, sulfate, or CO2 Pyruvate or acetaldehyde | 1. Oxygen: grabs electrons to make water 2. Nitrate, sulfate, or CO2 3. Pyruvate or acetaldehyde |
Created by:
amuril3
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