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BIO111 Exam Qs
Chapter 4 A&P 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The sum total of chemical reactions within the cell is known as what? | Metabolism |
| The speed of intracellular chemical reactions that are essential to life is controlled by what? | Enzymes |
| The metabolic process that synthesizes materials for cellular growth and requires energy is called ______ | anabolic metabolism |
| the metabolic process that breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones and and releases energy is called _____ | catabolic metabolism |
| The process by which two molecules are joined together to form a more complex molecule and H2O is _____ | dehydration synthesis |
| Glycerol and fatty acids become joined to form H2O and ____ | fat molecules |
| Amino acids are joined by a peptide bond to form H2O and | protein |
| Anabolism must be ________ catabolism to maintain the life of the cell | balanced with |
| Catabolic reactions typically ___ energy , while anabolic reactions ____ energy | release, require |
| enzymes are a type of ____ | protein |
| enzymes work by ____ the amount of energy needed to begin a reaction in a cell | decreasing |
| an enzyme only acts only on a particular substance that is called its | substrate |
| an enzymes ability to recognize the substance upon which it will act seems to be based on | molecular shape or conformation |
| a substance needed to convert an inactive form of an enzyme to an active form is called a ____ and _____ | coenzyme and cofactor |
| Cofactors are frequently ____; Coenzymes are often _____ | minerals; vitamins |
| a chemical that interferes with cellular metabolism by denaturing its enzymes is call a (n) | metabolic poison |
| The form of energy utilized by most cellular processes is _ | chemical |
| the process by which the energy in a molecule of glucose is released within the cell is called ___ | cellular respiration |
| The three main components of a molecule of ATP are | adenine, ribose , phosphates |
| Re-synthesis of ATP from ADP is accomplished by the process of ___ | phosphorylation |
| the initial phase of respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm which doesn't require oxygen and produces two pyruvic acid molecules plus energy is called ____ respiration or ____ | anaerobic or glycolysis |
| The energy needed to prime glucose is provided by | ATP |
| NADH is a coenzyme that carries energy in | high-energy electrons |
| the second phase of respiration that occurs in the mitochondria, requires oxygen, and produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy is called ___ respiration | aerobic |
| what molecule is needed for the second phase, but not for the first? | oxygen |
| what two phases of cellular respiration can yield or release more energy? | second or aerobic |
| Coupling of energy and ATP synthesis is accomplished by a series of enzyme complexes located within the ___ | mitochondria |
| muscle fatigue and cramps following strenuous exercise are due to the production of what compound? | lactic acid |
| The function of electron carriers such as NAD+ is to | temporarily store the energy released from chemical bonds of glucose molecules |
| what is the fate of carbohydrate that is in excess of the amount that can be stored as glycogen | it is converted into fat molecules and deposited into fat tissue |
| The main storage reservoirs for glycogen are ___ cells and the ____ | muscle cells; liver |
| what is the fate of amino acids that are in excess of the amount that can be used for protein synthesis when there is plenty of energy? | They are converted into fat |
| We inherit traits from our parents because: | - DNA contains genes that are carriers of inheritance - sexual reproduction is required for a new individual |
| All of the DNA in the cell constitutes the: | genome |
| A molecule consisting of a double helix w/sugar and phosphates forming the outer strands and organic bases joining the two strands is known as what? | DNA |
| Four nitrogenous bases of the DNA molecule | adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine |
| DNA pairs A and G are ____ ; T and G are ____ | purines; pyrimidines |
| Complementary Base Pairs that are Correct | A, T C, G |
| DNA molecules are located in the ____ | nucleus |
| Protein synthesis takes place in the___ | cytoplasm |
| what are the 3 types of RNA used for protein synthesis | transfer, messenger, and ribosomal |
| Occurs in the cytoplasm | glycolysis |
| completes the shape of enzymes to give them their full function | cofactor and coenzyme |
| special type of catabolic reaction that splits molecules with water | hydrolysis |
| metabolic pathway that does not require oxygen | glycolysis |
| if oxygen is not available, pyruvate is converted to this | lactic acid |
| if oxygen is available, pyruvate is converted to this | Acetyl-CoA |
| Maximum yield of ATP from the complete metabolism of one glucose molecule | 36 |
| Making protein from mRNA is called ____ and it occurs in the cytoplasm | translation |
| Where are anti-codons found on molecules of | tRNA |
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nessa25
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