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Physiology Chapter 9
The Automonic Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 2 divisions of the ANS and which usually have antagonistic effects? | Sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| What division of the ANS is associated with "fight, flight, and stress" reactions? | Sympathetic |
| What division of the ANS is associated with "rest and digest" reactions? | Parasympathetic |
| What is another name for the sympathetic division of the ANS because its preganglionic neurons exit the spinal cord from T1 to L2? | Thoracolumbar division |
| What nervous system manages our physiology by regulating organs and organ systems, and their smooth muscles and glands? | ANS |
| What is it called when a preganglionic branch synapses with a number of postganglionic neurons is called what? | Divergence |
| What is it called when a postganglionics receives synaptic input from a large number of preganglionics fibers? | Convergance |
| What division of the ANS is characterized by the divergence through white rami and convergence through gray rami causing a mass activation? | Sympathetic division |
| What are the 2 neurons of the ANS in its efferent pathway? | Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons |
| What type of neuron has a cell body in the brain or spinal cord? | Preganglionic |
| The preganglionic neuron synapses with a second neuron (called what) in an autonomic ganglion | Postganglionic |
| What axon extends from the autonomic ganglion to the target tissue which consist of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands? | Postganglionic |
| What is another name for the parasympathetic division of the CNS because its long preganglionics originate in the midbrain, medulla, pons, and S2-S4? | Craniosacral Division |
| What part of the sympathetic division includes the adrenal medulla? | Sympathoadrenal system |
| The adrenal medulla has secretory cells that appear to be modified postganglionic neuron that release _____% epinephrine (Epi) and ___% norepinephrin (Norepi) into the blood in response to preganglionic stimulation? | 85/15 |
| What is stimulated during mass activation? | Adrenal medulla |
| What is made by methylating norepi? | Epi |
| In the sympathetic division, some postganglionics do not synapse in paravertebral ganglion but go to outlying ______ ________. | Collateral ganglion |
| When preganlionic neurons exit the spinal cord and synapse on postganglionic neurons of the paravertebral ganglia a chain of ganglia is formed called what? | Sympathetic ganglionic chain |
| Autonomic motor nerves innervate organs whose functions are not usually under voluntary control. What are the 3 effectors that respond to autonomic regulations? | Cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands |
| Many types of smooth muscles are spontaneously active and contract rhythmically (with/without) ANS input? | Without |
| Parasympathetic ganglia that supply the postganglionic fibers that synapse with the effector cells are called what? | Terminal ganglia |
| What type of ganglia is located in the parasympathetic division and located next to or within a target organ? | Terminal ganglia |
| What is the term used to describe the phenomenon that occurs when a smooth muscle becomes more sensitive when the ANS input is cut? | Denervation hypersensitivity |
| In the craniosacral division of the ANS, where does its long preganglionics originate? | Midbrain, medulla, pons, and S2-S4 |
| What cranial nerve is long and carries most parasympathetic fibers? | Vegas |
| What cranial nerve innervates the heart, lungs, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestines, and upper half of the large intestines? | Vegas |
| What preganglionic fiber innervates the lower half of the large intestine, rectum, urinary and reproductive systems? | S2-S4 |
| What neurotransmitter is released in both the symp and parasymp preganglionic nerves? | ACh |
| Parasympathetic postganglionics release ACh called __________ synapses | Cholinergic |
| Most sympathetic postganglionics release what NT? | Norepi (noradrenaline) |
| What is the synapses called in the sympathetic postganglionics? | Adrenergic synapses |
| Postganglionics of the ANS have unusual synapses which release NTs along a length of axon called what? | Varicosities |
| In adrenergic stimulation, many useful drugs have been developed to affect ANS receptors. Drugs that promote actions of NT are ________and drugs that inhibit actions of a NT are __________. | Agonist/antagonist |
| Adrenergic stimulation causes both excitation and inhibition depending of the tissue and therefore has 2 major subtypes of receptors for the same NT. | a and B |
| ACh is a NT used in what type of stimulation? | Cholinergic |
| What 3 areas is ACh used in a cholinergic stimulation? | All skeletal muscle, all preganglionics, and parasympthetic postganglionics |
| Cholinergic receptors have what 2 subtypes? | Nicotinic and muscarinic |
| Nicotinic which is stimulated by nicotine is blocked by what? | Curare |
| Muscarinic which is stimulated by muscarine (from poisonous muschrooms) is blocked by what? | Atropine |
| Some postganglionics do not use Norepi or ACh therefore what are 3 other types of NT? | ATP, VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide), and NO (Nitric oxide) |
| What NT produces smooth muscle relaxation in many tissues? | NO (nitric oxide) |
| What part of the brain most directly controls the activity of the ANS? | Medulla oblongata |
| What part of the brain has centers for control of cardiovascular, pulmonary, urinary, reproductive, and digestive systems? | Medulla oblongata |
| What part of the brain has centers for control of body temperature, hunger, and thirst and can regulate the medulla? | Hypothalamus |
| What system is responsible for visceral responses that relect emotional states? | Limbic |
| Most visceral organs are supplied by both the symp and parasymp and is termed what? | Dual innervation |
| The symp and parasymp are usually antagonistic for example in controlling what? | Heart rate |
| The symp and parasymp can be complementary, for example in controlling what? | Salivation |
| The symp and parasymp can cooperative by producing different effects that work together to cause a desired effect such as with what? | Micturition (urination) |
| Adrenal medulla, arrector pili muscle, sweat glands, and most blood vessels receive only what type of innervation? | Sympathetic |
| How is the regulation of organs with dual innervation achieved? | Increasing or decreasing firing rate |
Created by:
seshelby62
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