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Botany Test 1
Chapters 4 and 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chapter 4 | Cell Structure |
| Chapter 3 | Ethnobotany |
| Unique plant cell features | Vacoule, Mitochondria, Plastids, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Dictyosome vesicles, Peroxisomes, Glyoxysomes, Cell wall, |
| Vacoule | Storage of water, storage of nutrients, storage of waste |
| Mitochondria | cellular respiration, produces ATP, and are endosymbionts |
| Plastids | Endosymbionts, double membraned, can develop into chloroplasts, amyloplasts, leukoplasts, and contains phytoferritin |
| Chloroplasts | carries out photosynthesis; contains the stroma, thylakoid membrane, and chromoplasts |
| Amyloplasts | accumulate starch and store it for years in starchy seeds; when exposed to light they convert to choloroplasts |
| Leukoplasts | large, un-pigmented plastids.Used for fat-synthesis. |
| Phytoferritin | Form of iron, makes up 80% found in plants. Stored in plastids. |
| Rough ER | Production of proteins |
| Smooth ER | Production of lipids |
| Dictysosome vesicles | small versions of golgi apparatus |
| peroxisomes | process the toxin H2O2 |
| Glyoxysomes | occur only in plants. Turn stored fats into sugars from germinating seeds. |
| Cell Wall Composition | cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, Dietary fiber |
| Cell Wall components | Primary cell wall, secondary cell wall, and holes that connect one cell to the next. |
| Primary Cell Wall | all plants have it |
| Secondary Cell Wall | this is in wood, where extra thick cellulose and lignin is deposited. |
| Holes in Cell Wall | Plasmodesmata: occur in primary pit fields, symplasts, and apoplasts |
| Symplasts | movement of water within cells, then from one cell to another through primary pitfield |
| Apoplast | movement of water between or around cell |
| Human Pre-history | 125,000 ya fire was used, 11,000 ya food cultivation started |
| Carbohydrate production | potatoes, sweet patatoes, wheat and lentils, barley, rice, Millet |
| Potatoes are produced where? | South America |
| Sweet Potatoes are produced where? | South Africa |
| Wheat and Lentils are produced where? | Fertile Crescent |
| Rice produced where? | Asia |
| Millet produced where? | Africa |
| Protein production | legumes, complete protein, incomplete protein, and complementary protein |
| Complete Protein | all 20 amino acids in adequate quantities for humans |
| Incomplete Protein | missing or more of the 20 amino acids |
| Complementary Protein | achieving complete protein by combining foods that each contain a complement of incomplete proteins |
| Lipid Production | Mostly in nuts and other oily fruits; oils not all equal smoke point |
| Vitamin Production | vitamins necessary organic compounds that usually serve as coenzymes |
| Antioxidants | green plants produce organic compounds they need; growing parts rich in vitamins |
| Herbs and Spices are...? | generally insect repellent chemicals except herbs; some are used as drugs |
| Types of herbs and spices | terpenes, phenols, alkaloids, lipids, mint, dill, mustard, and nightshade. |
| terpenes | largest class of spice compounds; volatile at room temp.;strong |
| Phenols | thyme, oregano, cloves, cinnamon, and vanilla |
| Alkaloid Pepperin | (black pepper) |
| lipids | cloves, mints |
| mint | makes menthol, leads to flavors in peppermint, spearmint, basil, marjoram, oregano, sages, and thyme. |
| dill | produces oil; dill, anise, caraway, cumin, coriander, fennel and hemlock (poisonus) |
| Mustard | produces the myrosinase and sinigrin |
| Nightshade | produces capsaicin (dominant trait) |
| Drugs | plant products that alter human physiology often neurophysiology |
| Types of drugs | caffeine, alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, opium, cocaine, hallucinogens |
| caffeine | found in tea (camellia sinensis), coffee (coffea arabica) and colla drinks (originally from theobroma cacao) |
| Acohol | the product of yeast fermenting the sugars of grapes or other carbohydrate-containing plants |
| Tobacco | contains nicotine (stimulant); cancel risk associated with it |
| Marijuana | cannabis; contains THC |
| Opium | paperva somniferum plant; contains morphene and codeine |
| Cocaine | from the erythoxylum coca plant |
| Hallucinogens | ayahuasca, ibogaine, salvia divinorum, peyote cactus |
| Fibers | flax fibers, ramie, jute, cotton, hemp, paper |
| flax fibers | used to make linen cloth |
| ramie | used to make fishing nets |
| jute | used to make burlap |
| cotton | used for clothes |
| hemp | used for rope and also could be used for paper |
| Paper | note the use of acid-free paper |
| chemicals | drying oils, resin, wax |
| drying oils | create water resin films |
| wax | used for multiple sources |
| wood history | used 4500 BCE since had to invent metals to cut |
| wood types | conifer wood, dicot wood, artisan wood |
| conifer wood | preferred for long, straight pieces of wood; construction of walls |
| dicot wood | preferred for shorter, strong pieces; tables and chairs |
| artisan wood | ebony, walnut, mahogany, maple, holly, juniper; small boxes and musical instruments and bowls and lamps |
Created by:
amuril3
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