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Cell Structure/Funct
Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Micrograph | a photograph of the view through a microscope |
| Cells | the basic unit of life |
| Prokaryotes | unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus |
| Eubacteria | the generic unicellular prokaryotic bacteria like pathogenic bacteria and probiotic bacteria |
| Archaea | either aerobic or anaerobic and consists of the extremophiles like thermophiles, halophiles, and methanogens. |
| Eukaryotes | cells that enclose their DNA in a nucleus |
| Nucleus | organelle that contains nearly all the cell's DNA |
| Chromatin | unwound threadlike DNA located in the nucleus |
| Nucleolus | the location where ribosomes are made |
| Ribosomes | organelle responsible for carrying out protein synthesis |
| Cytoplasm | the thick, jelly-like solution that fills each cell and helps give the cell its shape. |
| Cytoskeleton | an internal network of protein filaments that act as a highway system in a cell |
| Microfilaments | threadlike structures made up of a protein called actin, form extensive networks, and produce a tough flexible framework that supports the cell. |
| Microtubules | hollow structures made up of tubulin and play a critical role in maintaining a cell's shape. |
| Centrioles | structure composed of tubulin that helps organize the cell during cell division |
| Flagella | long, thin, whip-like structures, with a core of microtubules that enable some cells to move |
| Cilia | short and numerous bundles of microtuules that have a back-and-forth motion that moves the cell through its surroundings |
| Vacuole | large, saclike, membrane-encolsed structure used to store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. |
| Lysosomes | small organelle filled with digestive enzymes that break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | the portion of the internal membrane system that contains ribosomes and is responsible for chemically modifying proteins |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | the portion of the internal membrane system that does not contain ribosomes and is responsible for the synthesis of lipids and the detoxification of drugs. |
| Golgi Apparatus | modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside of the cell. |
| Exocytosis | the process by which vesiclesw fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular matrix. |
| Chloroplasts | capture the energy from the sunlight and convert it into food that contains chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. |
| Mitochondria | convert the chemical energy stored in food into ATP |
| ATP | the main energy source that cells use for most of their work |
| Cell Wall | strong supporting layer around the cell membrane that supports, shapes, and protects the cell. |
| Cell Membrane | regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also protects and supports the cell. |
| Selectively Permeable | the term for a biological membrane that allows only certain substances to pass across the membrane. |
| Passive Transport | the movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy |
| Facilitated Diffusion | the process by which molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels without using energy. |
| Diffusion | the process by which particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of greater water concentration or pressure to an area of lesser water concentration or pressure |
| Hypertonic | the solution with a higher concentration of solute |
| Hypotonic | the solution with lower solute concentration |
| Isotonic | solutions in which the concentrations of solute are equal |
| Osmotic Pressure | force produced by the net movement of water out of or into a cell |
| Active Transport | the movement of materials, with the input of energy, against a concentration gradient |
| Endocytosis | the process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets of the cell membrane |
| Phagocytosis | a type of endocytosis in which extensions of the cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole. |
Created by:
chloemmsumner
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