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bio chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| polypeptide | proteins |
| a radioactive isotope, such as carbon-14, emits energy | rays , subatomic particles |
| cohesive | water molecules are chemically attracted to each other |
| adhesive | water molecules are chemically attracted to other polar substances |
| fatty acid | a long, hydrocarbon chain that is a component of triglycerides |
| glycogen | the glucose storage polysaccharide found in animals |
| cellulose | found in plant walls |
| isotopes | atoms of an element that contain different numbers of neutrons |
| periods on the periodic table | horizontal rows |
| groups on the periodic table | vertical column |
| group VII on the periodic table | noble gasses |
| proteins | amino acids are the monomers |
| ions | an atom when it has an unequal number of protons and electrons, formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom |
| dehydration | in a disaccharide, the monosaccharide subunits are joined together by a reaction |
| examples of lipids | phospholipids, fats, steroids, oils |
| fatty acids | a hydrocarbon chain that ends in a carboxylic acid |
| groups found in a amino acid | acid group, R group, amino group |
| RNA | produced by complementary base pairing to a DNA strand |
| atom | composed of subatomic particles |
| life forms, organic material | the substances that scientists hypothesize Europa's liquid water may contain if it consists of saltwater |
| primary struture | a linear sequence of amino acids in a protein forms |
| functional groups | amino, phosphate, sulfhydryl, and carboxy are different types that may be attached to organic molecules, each imparting specific chemical properties |
| nucleic acid | dna, rna |
| atomic mass | the average mass for all isotopes of an atom |
| covalent bond | molecular bond forms when two atoms share pairs of electrons |
| non polar | covalent bonds in which the sharing of electrons is equal |
| polar | when the sharing of electrons is unequal |
| organic chemistry | chemistry that is focused on living organisms |
| monomer | small subunit of a larger molecule |
| polymer | large molecule consisting of smaller subunits |
| polysaccharides | glycogen, cellulose, starch |
| the outermost shell | electron shell of an atom is called the valence shell |
| molecule | forms when two or more atoms bond together |
| electronegativity | the attraction of an atom for the electrons in a covalent bond |
| hydrogen bonds | the various properties of water, like high heat capacity and its ability to dissolve polar substances, are the result of water's ability to form bonds |
| calorie | heat energy is required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius |
| liver | the organ that stores glycogen |
| amino acid | a protein is composed of a chain of monomers |
| denature | the protein undergoes an irreversible change in shape and loses its function due to extreme heat |
| starch | an energy storage molecule in plants |
| cellulose | the polysaccharide that is responsible for the strong structural nature of plant cell walls |
| isotopes of a particular element | differ with regard to the number of neutrons |
| protons | positively charged, found in nucleus |
| neutrons | uncharged, found in nucleus |
| electrons | negatively charged, move around nucleus |
| molecules | form when two or more atoms bond together |
| compounds | form when two or more different elements bond together |
| ionic bonds | ionic compounds are held together by an attraction between oppositely charged ions |
| acids | substances that release hydrogen ions when dissociated in water |
| bases | substances that either releases hydroxide ions or take up hydrogens ions |
| acidic pH | below 7 |
| basic pH | above 7 |
| neutral pH | of seven |
| buffer | a chemical or combination of chemicals that keep pH within the normal limits |
| functional groups | specific combination of bonded atoms that always react in the same way |
| carbohydrates | function as an energy source for living organisms |
| monosaccharides | sugars with 3-7 carbon atoms |
| disaccharides | contain two monosaccharides joined by a dehydration reaction |
| polysaccharides | long polymers that contain many subunits |
| chitin | found in the exoskeleton of crabs is another structural polysaccharides |
| triglyceride | a fat molecule |
| saturated fatty acids | have no double bonds between carbon atoms |
| unsaturated fatty acids | have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms |
| trans-fats | oils hydrogenated to make them solid; processed food |
| phospholipids | composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate group |
| peptide bond | joins two amino acids |
| primary structure | the linear sequence of the amino acids |
| secondary structure | occurs when the protein takes on a certain orientation in space due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids |
| tertiary structure | the final 3D shape of protein |
| quaternary structure - | found in proteins with multiple polypeptide chains |
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