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Bio Unit 4 Year 10
Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| alternative names for body cells | somatic and diploid cells |
| alternative names for sex cells | gametes and haploid cells |
| karyotype | number, size and shape of chromosomes during metaphase |
| what are the sections of chromosomes? | genes |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| what is DNA made of? | nucleotides - nitrogenous base, ribonucleic sugar, phosphate base |
| structure of DNA | double helix |
| list nitrogenous bases | adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine |
| list the bonds between nitrogenous bases | A to T - two bonds G to C - three bonds |
| alleles | alternative gene controlling the same character and located in the same locus e.g. red hair gene, black hair gene |
| what are the two stages of cell life | 1. interphase 2. mitosis |
| list the types of cell division and where they apply | mitosis - diploid cells meiosis - haploid cells (reduction division) |
| what are the stages of mitosis? | 1. prophase 2. metaphase 3. anaphase 4. telophase |
| what occurs during prophase? | - nuclear membrane begins to seperate - centrioles move to opposite poles |
| during what stage does DNA replication occur? | interphase - the stage before cell division |
| how many hydrogen bonds between G and C? | 3 |
| how many hydrogen bonds between A and T? | 2 |
| what occurs during prophase? | - nuclear membrane begins to disappear - centrioles and chromatids duplicate - centrioles move to opposite poles/sides of the cell |
| what occurs during metaphase? | - nuclear membrane is fully gone - chromosomes line up in middle/equator - spindle fibres attach from the centrioles to the centromere of every chromosome |
| what occurs during anaphase? | - centromere splits (chromatids seperate) - spindle fibres begin to pull chromatids towards each pole |
| what occurs during telophase? | - chromosomes reach opposite poles - nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear |
| stages of meiosis | 1. meiosis 1 2. meiosis 2 |
| genotype | genetic makeup - description of an organism's genes |
| phenotype | set of observable traits |
| homozygous | a zygote has two of the same alleles e.g. YY |
| heterozygous | zygote with two opposite alleles e.g. Yy |
| zygote | a cell formed from the union of two sex cells |
| what are the evidence for evolution? | - palaeontology/fossils - embryology - comparative structures (homologous and analogous) - vestigial structures - biogeography - artificial selection/direct observation - biochemistry - similarities between molecular DNA |
| how does palaeontology provide evidence of evolution? | Fossil is evidence of past life, common in sedimentary rocks Age of fossils determined using rock strata, radiometric analysis. Can show transition in evolutionary pathway between two distinct groups: Archaeopteryx-has both bird and reptilian features. |
| how does embryology show evidence of evolution? | Embryos look similar across different species Terrestrial species have features such as gills during embryonic development |
| what is chromosomes made of? | DNA and histone proteins |
| what is the telomere? | top section of the chromosome - responsible for aging of the chromosome (each time the cell duplicates, a little section from the telomere is lost) |
| what is a genetic trait? | something that is passed down through generations |
| what is an acquired trait? | something that can be obtained during your lifetime |
| what is mutation? | defective gene - small random change in DNA |
| how do differences arise within a population? | - mutation - meiosis: crossing over and separation of homologous chromosomes |
| what is the other name for the dominant trait in pedigrees? | wild type |
| what does dominant inheritance in pedigrees mean? | it occurs within every generation |
| what does recessive in pedigrees mean? | it does not occur in every generation |
| what is an example of co-dominance inheritance? | blood types |
| what are the names of blood types? | A B AB O |
| list the genotypes that could possibly form each blood group | A - IA i, IA IA B - IB IB, IB i AB - IA IB O - ii |
| what blood groups can each type donate to? | A - A, AB B - B, AB AB - AB O - A, B, AB, O |
| what blood groups can each time receive from? | A - A, O B - B, O AB - A, B, AB, O O - O |
| what is homologous structures and how do they show evidence for evolution? | structures with similar fundamental plans/bone structure but with different functions e.g. limbs of mammals/vertebrae/tetrapods: whale fins, moles for digging, humans. Homologous structures show evolution as same structures evolved from common ancestor |
Created by:
sco18
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