Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Infectious Diseases
Stage 1 Biology S2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| non infectious diseases | a disease that cannot be transmitted from one organism to another |
| causes for non infectious diseases | carcinogens, radiation, faulty genes, organ and tissue degeneration, sensitivity to the environment |
| pathogens | disease causing agents |
| toxins | chemicals that disrupt normal cell functions |
| physical barriers | respiratory surfaces, wounds digestive system, reproductive organs |
| vector | a carrier of a disease causing agent |
| vector example | mosquitoes, fleas, bats, flies |
| producing toxins | an adaptation used by many microbes |
| altering host organism behaviour | aiding in the spread of disease by making hosts cough, sneeze or have diarrhea |
| superbugs | new strains of bacteria that are resistant to all known antibiotics |
| infectious disease | a disease that is transmitted from one organism to another |
| bacteria | unicellular, prokaryotic organisms that reproduce by binary fission |
| bacteria examples | lyme disease, tuberculosis, leprosy, salmonella |
| fungi | heterotrophs that grow by feeding on organic matter and reproduce by forming spores |
| fungi examples | athletes foot and ringworm |
| pathogenic protists | heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from their host |
| pathogenic protsists examples | malaria and giardia |
| virus | requires another organisms cells to reproduce by injecting its own DNA and replicating it inside the cell |
| virus examples | COVID, HIV and influenza |
| parasites | live inside hosts, feeding on its hosts food in the intestines. |
| parasite examples | tape worm, hookworm, lice, fleas |
| prions | infectious agents that convert normal proteins into abnormally chaped proteins, causing infectious brain leisions |
| prion example | Mad cow disease |
| disease transmission | droplets, direct contact, faeces, contaminated foods, animals, body fluids |
| first line of defence | physical barriers and traps that resist and prevent entry of pathogens |
| second line of defence | non specific actions and responses |
| third line of defence | adaptive immune response |
| skin | provides a barrier, repels water, platets form scabs |
| coughing and sneezing reflexis | brought about by either mechanical or chemical stimuli |
| mechanical protection | blinking, the cornea, tears all making it harder for pathogens to enter |
| chemical protection | the cells in the eye secrete a range of chemicals that possess antimicrobial properties |
| earwax | a mixture of a range of chemicals that are antimicrobial |
| mucus | a slippery secretion found on the surface of many body organs and systems |
| stomach acid | The cells lining the stomach secrete acid giving the stomach environment a very low pH |
| non self molecules | foreign molecules |
| self molecules | the bodys own molecules |
| phagocytes | white blood cells recognise and bind to the surface of bacteria and engulf and destroy them |
| 2 types of phagocytes | neutrophils and macrophages |
| natural killer cells | provides protection against cells infected with virus particles or changed by cancer |
| the complement system | a group of around 30 proteins that are secreted by a range of cells in the body |
| interferons | chemicals that can be secreted by cells that limit the spread and multiplication of viruses |
| the inflammatory response | swelling, redness, pain, and heat at wound sites, triggered by physical injury or pathogen entry |
| plant physcial barriers | waxy cuticles, bark, hair like sturctures |
| the lymphatic system | a network of vessels, nodes, and ducts that collect and circulate excess fluid in the body |
| Major Histo-compatability Complex | a set of protein markers found on the surface of cells |
| lymphocytes | types of white blood cells called B and T cells |
| B cell location | white blood cells that are made and mature in the bone marrow |
| T cell location | mature in the thymus gland |
| macrophages | release chemicals, cytokines, that alert other cells to the presence of pathogens |
| B cell function | white blood cells that release a specific antibody which is a protein molecule that can bind to one specific antigen and neutralise it |
| plasma cells | release antibodies |
| memory cells | remain behind in the case of a second exposure to the anitgen or pathogen |
| T cell function | bind to antigen fragments and T cell receptors on the cell membrane |
| types of T cells | killer, helper and memory T cells |
| killer T cells | identify infected cells and secrete chemicals that destroy them |
| helper T cells | become activated and increase in number (clone) the types of T cells that respond to the specific antigen type |
| memory T cells | this memory bank of cells is partly responsible for the quicker and larger response when an individual is exposed to the antigen for a second time |
| natural passive immunity | maternal antibodies through the placenta and breastmilk |
| phagocytes vs lymphocytes | phagocytes are the body's first line of defense, lymphocytes are more specialized in the immune response |
| artificial passive immunity | an infusion of antibodies |
| natural active immunity | antigens from the exposure to a pathogen |
| artificial active immunity | antigens from vaccination |
| cytotoxic T cell | another name for killer T cells |
| pandemic | a worldwide spread of a pathogen |
| epidemic | a spread of a pathogen in a certain region over a certain period of time |
Created by:
justineforrest
Popular Biology sets