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Aquatic BioTest 2
Vocabulary for Aquatic Biology Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prokaryotes | unicellular organism with few colonial species which lack membrane bound organelles;Archaebacteria and Eubacteria;no nucleus |
| Eukaryotes | multicellular organism with few unicellular organism composed of cells with membrane bound organelles; Animal,Plant, Fungi and Protist; contain a nucleus |
| Coccus | spherical shaped bacteria |
| Bacillus | Rod shaped bacteria |
| Peptidoglycans | sugar and polypeptide(protein) component that makes up cell wall of bacteria; antibiotics inhibits bacteria's ability to create cell wall making bacteria vulnerable |
| Bacterial Metabolic Diversity | Heterotophs - food consumption;Saprobes - feed on decay;Autotrophs - food production by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis |
| Facultative Anaerobe | Anaerobic bacteria that is able to use oxygen for cellular respiration |
| Obligate Anaerobe | Anaerobic bacteria that dies in presence of oxygen |
| Archaebacteria | Prokaryotic organism that lack peptidoglycan in cell walls,are more similar to eukaryotes,and include organisms such as halophiles,methanogens, and thermophiles that live in extreme conditions |
| Eubacteria | Prokaryotic organism with peptidoglycan (protein-sugar compound)in cell walls; includes cyanobacteria |
| Ecological Importance of Bacteria | Important decomposers and fix atmospheric nitrogen for soils; used in sewage treatment and bioremediation (oil spills) |
| Protist | Artificial taxon composed of mostly unicellular eukaryotes that are autotrophic, heterotrophic or mixotrophic; mobile or sessile; contains 27 phyla with 2 phyla containing significant numbers of free-living, phagotophic species |
| Autotrophic | Organism that can make its own food; chemosynthesis or Photosynthesis (self- nutrition) |
| Heterotrophic | Organism that must consume food (different nutrition) |
| Sessile | attached |
| Phagotrophic | engulfment of particulate food |
| Protist Classification | Divide by movement and nutrition;Four groupings include flagellates,ciliates,amoebas and diatoms |
| Ecology of Protists | Dominate predators of picoplankton,components of microbial loop in lakes and rivers, larger taxa eat algae and other protozoa, and are consumed by nematodes,oligochaetes, and rotifers |
| Phylum Porifera | Animal phylum with 27 species, associated with hard substrates in lakes and streams;simple body structure with No true tissues; filter feeders with choanocytes;many species have mutualistic relationship with algae;few predators due to spicules [Sponges] |
| Phylum Cnidarian | Animal phylum with 1 freshwater class - Hydrazoa;pseudocoelomate with 2 tissue layers (missing mesoderm);radial symmetry and found in eutrophic environments; Use stinging nematocysts to consume mainly zooplankton(crustaceans);few predators[Hydra] |
| Phylum Platyhelminthes | Animal phylum with 200 species in Class Turbellaria,ex: Planaria; Acoelomate with simple bilateral symmetry and 3 tissue layers;common in benthos;feed on bacteria,algae,protozoa, & small invertbrates,love dirty water and not good competitors;[Flatworms] |
| Phylum Gastrotricha | Animal phylum with found in freshwater with density of 100,000 to 1 million animals/sq. meter;fewer than 100 species reported, diversity probably higher;small organisms(50 80 micrometers)name means stomach hairs[Gastrotrichs] |
| Phylum Rotifera | Animal phylum consisting psuedocoelomate found in freshwater and living near mosses; small in size 200-500 micrometers;named from cilia at top that beat in circular motion[Rotifer] |
| Pseudocoelomates | organism with false body cavity, no muscle lining the gut;example - rotifer |
| Acoelomates | organism without a body cavity; example - flatworms |
| Coelomates | organism which contains a true body cavity; example - fish |
| Phylum Nematoda | Animal phylum with 300-500 freshwater species;pseudocoelomate with complete ailmentary tract, example guinea worm;important benthos species feeding on algae,bacteria, and protozoa;some are parasitic to animals & plants [round worms] |
| Phylum Nematomorpha | Animal phylum with 7 genera in North America with 1 genera exclusively marine;free-living adult with larvae parastic to crayfish;pseudocoelomate with the adult having a non-functional digestive system;adult form is for reproduction only[Horsehair Worm] |
| Phylum Mollusca | Animal phylum with 2 classes, Gastropodia and Bivalvia;coelomates with calcareous shell;most have a ciliated gills,ventral muscular foot(part mainly eaten for food)& fleshy mantle (part that secretes shell)[Snails,Mussels & Clams] |
| Gastropods | 659 species of snails living in North America;found in littoral(near shore) areas of lentic and lotic habitats;collect bottom detritus and graze algae;ecologically important grazers of periphyton;prey of benthic fish and invertebrates |
| Periphyton | Complex matrix of algae and heterotrophic microbes attached to submerged substrata in almost all aquatic ecosystems. |
| Bivalves | Mussels & Clams;over 250 species in North America;filter pollutants but are destructive to engineering structures;show great adpative radiation;major deposit and suspension feeders; low motility;not tolerant to silt;80% threatened or endangered; |
| Glochidia | Bivalve larvae that are parasitic on fish; land on gills for best blood supply |
| Phylum Annelida | Animal phylum with 3 freshwater water groups: olgochaetes(detrivores/omnivores),branchiobdellidans(predators) & leeches(predators);legless,coelomates that have serially arranged organs with body segmentation;lentic & lotic[aquatic earthworm & leeches] |
| Phylum Tardigrada | Animal phylum of water bears; phylum name means slow walker;very tiny organisms found in moss |
| Phylum Arthropods | Animal phylum that occupies nearly every aquatic niche, including groundwater;coelomates that as adults have chitinous exoskeletons & jointed appendages modified as legs, mouthparts & antennae(except water mites); divided into 3 major subphylums |
| Arthropod Subphylums | 1. Chelicerata(water mites & aquatic spiders)2. Unirama(insects)3. Crustaceans(crayfish,shrimp,copepods) |
| Fish | Poikilothermic,aquatic chordates with appedages developed as fins;chief respiratory organ are gills with exceptions of gar,catfish and lungfish;body covered in scales with exceptions for catfish and eels;24,600 species divided into 3 categories |
| Fish Categories | 1. Jawless(hagfish,lamprey)2. Cartliaginous(skate,ray,shark)3. Bony(ray finned- most fish and lobe finned - lungfish,coelocanth) |
| Fish Diversity | 41% of fish species live in freshwater which is 0.1% of total water on earth; increase in habitat diversity causes increase in fish diversity |
| Allopatric Speciation | New species form due to geographic isolation; ex:1.Tn/Ky high fish speciation from receding of Gulf of Mexico & glacial refugio 2. Honeycreeper Hummingbirds/Hawaiian Islands 3. Darwin's Finches/Galpagos Island 4. Red River &Ark Shiner 5. Speckled Chub |
| Artic Achipelago | North American Faunal Province with 8 species of salmonids;ex:salmon & trout |
| Yukon-MacKenzie | North American Faunal Province with 65 species including salmonids(salmon & trout),cottids(sculpins),sticklebacks, and mudminnows |
| Great Lakes | North American Faunal Province with 168 species;has historical connection to Mississippi River through flooding and glaciation |
| Cascadia | North American Faunal Province with 60 species; a lot of Western species,some glaciated |
| Mississippi | North American Faunal Province with 375 species; relict fauna that was never glaciated;center of fish evolution in North America |
| Rio Grande | North American Faunal Province with 134 species, many endemic forms |
| California | North American Faunal Province with simple assemblages including salmon stocks |
| Endemic | Organism found living in only one place |
| Sonoran | North American Faunal Province with 45 species; depauparate fauna with many poecoleids |
| Depauparate | Lacking in species diversity |
| Poecoleids | Top minnows; live bearing fish such as guppies and mosquito fish |
| Central Mexico | North American Faunal Province with 30+ species, lots of antherinids(silverside fish such as Brook Silverside fish) |
| Colorado River Basin | North American Faunal Province with 32 species;depauparate fauna; includes squawfish and razorback sucker which are adapted for flash flooding; isolated zoogeographically so inland center of endemism Ex: Cui ui -fish in Nevada lake/spawns in flood plains |
| Acoustolateralis System | lateral line on fish used for distinction of sound by vibrations in water |
| Petromyzontidae | Lampreys(jawless fish) 2 found in Texas;sucker fish - 1 parasitic and i not parasitic with adult form without digestive system |
| Polydontidae | Paddlefish with spoonbill;Filter feeding consuming plankton with gill rakers;some other states consume caviar from paddlefish |
| Acipenseridae | Sturgeon; example Pallid Sturgeon & Beluga Sturgeon(used for black caviar); filter feed on bottom by vacuuming gravel in benthos |
| Lepiosteidae | Gar ; 4 species of gar in Texas 1. Short-nose 2. Long-nose 3. Spotted 4. Alligator ; air breathers with ganoid scales; found in all texas lakes and rivers |
| Amiidae | Bowfin;primitive ray-finned fish with long dorsal fin that contains 145 - 250 rays |
| Ganoid Scales | a non-overlapping or partially-overlapping scale, often rhomboidal in shape, with thick outer ganoine layer (enamel-like substance) |
| Hidontidae | Mooneyes; contains 2 species-mooneyes and goldeye; have tongue with bony teeth |
| Anguillidae | eels; state threatened species due to resevoirs blocking eels to return to spawning site;innate to return to spawning site in Carribean ocean; can be found between coast and first resevoirs |
| Clupeidae | Shads & herrings; example gizzard shad; very oily fish that is not tolerant; removal from water causes quick death |
| Esocidae | Pikes;grass pickerel and chain pickerel; grass hiders and ambush predators; found in Caddo Lake;have razor sharp teeth |
| Cyprinidae | Minnows;common carp,golden shiner,goldfish,gravel chub,creek chub,bullhead minnow,blacknose dace;more in this family(50 60 species);Cycloid scale with Weberian apparatus connected to air bladder for "hearing" |
| Cycloid Scales | scales are thin and overlapping, permitting more flexibility. Unlike ganoid scales, cycloid scales grow as the fish grows, and in some species, show annual growth rings. |
| Catostomidae | Suckers;examples: black redhorse and creek chubsucker;all have downturned sucker mouths |
| Ictaluridae | Catfish;examples: channel catfish,brindled madtom (2" catfish with poisonous barbs), yellow bullhead |
| Aphredoderidae | Pirate perch;only 1 species Aphredoderus sayanus(named after say professor and the discover's thought of him;closest relative is cavefish |
| Fundulidae | Killifish;example: banded killifish,black stripe minnow, black spotted top minnow |
| Poeciliidae | Live Bearers; example: guppies,mosquito fish,mollies ; mostly tropical, mosquito fish is native to Texas |
| Atherinidae | Silver sides example: brook silverside(transparent,beak-like mouth,wimpy fish)primitive non-air breathers,common preyfish in lakes, can get 3"-4",bigger in lakes and smaller in rivers |
| Moronidae | Basses(fromerly known as serranidae)example: white bass,white perch ; top predator in food chain; stripers introduced into lake to control shad population to prevent algae bloom |
| Centrarchidae | Sunfish and Black bass; example: blue gill,longear sunfish,black crappie,white crappie; have pan shaped body with ctenoid scales |
| Ctenoid Scales | type of Leptoid scale found; grow & add concentric layers to overlap in a head-to-tail direction, like roof tiles, allowing a smooth flow of water to reduce drag;have a toothed outer edge, and are usually found on fish with spiny fin rays |
| Percidae | Perches;example: walleye,logperch,rainbow darter |
| Sciaenidae | Drums example: freshwater drum ,common in lakes;have two dorsal fin look but have continous dorsal fin |
| Classification | Formerly based on morphological similarities whereas now categorized based on similar genetic sequences; |
| Cladistics | a method of analyzing the evolutionary relationships between groups to construct their family tree; analyze primitive and derived characters to construct cladogram;based on idea that the appearance of derived characters gives clues to evolutionary change |
| Primitive(ancestral) Characteristic | Primitive characters are those attributes of a plant or animal which all members of the group possess |
| Derived(recently evolved) Characteristic | advanced traits which only appear in some members of the group |
| Numerical Taxonomy(Phenetics) | Organisms classified by shared characteristics; free of evolutionary values on characteristics |
| Molecular Systematics | Sequences of genetic code analyzed by high-speed computers allow systematists to test evolutionary relationships at their most basic level |
| Naming Species | Genus species; known as binomial nomenclature developed by Carolus Linnaeus; naming a new species goes through a peer review process & evaluated on international level |
| Reproductive Isolation Concept | concept from the 1950's;species specific mating calls(weird for unisexually and assexual species) |
| Phylogenetic Species Concept | Defining species based on genetic divergence; can be used for fossils and unisexually and assexual species) |
| Species Richness | Measure of diversity that tells number of species of vertebrates or taxa for invertebrates;does not indicate abundances |
| Computing Biodiversity | Measure Diversity for richness ( Shannon-Weiner Formula H'=sum pi ln pi) and eveness ( E= H'/ln S ) 0= not diverse 10= very diverse |
| Measures of Diversity | 1. Species Richness 2. Diversity 3. Eveness 4. Amount of Biomass |
| Types of Diversity Measurement | 1. Alpha Diversity (within habitat diversity)2. Beta Diversity (between habitat diversity)3. Gamma Diversity (regional diversity)Developed by Whitaker 1972 |
| Factors Which Control Type and Abundance of Organisms At A Site | 1. Water Quality 2. Substrate 3. Geographical Region 4. Organism Interactions 5. Evolution 6. Disturbances |
| Water Quality Factors on Stream Assemblages | Dissolved Oxygen,Temperature,Conductivity,Salinity,pH |
| Substrate Factors on Stream Assemblages | Diversity of organisms are highest with substrate complexity;Important for resting,food aquisition,reproduction & development,and shelter from predators & inhospitable environmental conditions |
| Substrate Factors on Stream Assemblages(continued) | Substrates include mineral substrates(cobble,boulder,sand,gravel)and organic debris;Domination of smaller substrates indicate less diverse assemblages of organisms |
| Geographical Region Effects on Stream Assemblages | Geomorphology,gradient or slope, sinuosity,bedrock,glacier movement, recessions of large bodies of water |
| Organism Reaction Effects on Stream Assemblages | Competition,Predation,Symbiotic Interactions(parasitism,mutualism,commensalism) |
| Evolution Effects on Stream Assemblages | Ulitimate source of biodiversity;Influenced by time for evolution and reproductive isolation; allopatric speciation |
| Disturbance Effects on Stream Assemblages | Introduction of Exotic Species,Controlled Burns, Wildfires,Mowing,Floods, Clear Cuts, Predators; Dependent on Scale; Low disturbances-competitive species dominates High disturbances - extremely tolerant species survive |
| Anthropogenic Disturbances | Disturbances caused by humans;the effects depend on natural disturbance regime; Harsh natural- least impact , Benign natural- most impact *very important to understand historical ecology of system |
| Effects of exotic species on environment | Type of anthropogenic disturbance and permanent form of pollution; Alters natural ecosystem;cause extinction of species; competitive for food,water,shelter,& space;displacing native flora & fauna; economic costs for control |
| Examples of Exotic Species | Asian silver carp,round goby,tilapia,snakehead,carp by Germans,sea lamprey,zebra mussel,bamboo, kudzu ; 145 alien species documented |
| Extinction | Causes loss of native diversity;natural process;current rate is 10-100 times more than background rate; freshwater habitats most impacted by humans;Over 200 organsims endangered |
| Factors Effecting an Organism's Susceptibility to Extinction | Endemic species;rare species,restricted distribution, or complex habitat requirements |
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YoungbloodScience
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