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Biology Exam #1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Exocytosis | transports large molecules and waste out of a cell |
| Phagocytosis | Cell eating |
| Pinocytosis | Cell Drinking |
| Endocytosis | Transports into the cell |
| Positive Feedback Mechanism | circular processes that increase or amplify a new output change |
| Negative Feedback Mechanism | reduces fluctuations in output by using the output to regulate or suppress its own activity |
| Osmosis | Movement of water through selective membrane |
| MRI | Magnetic Resonance Imaging: diagnostic test that shows images of the bodies organs |
| PET | Positron Emission Tomography: imaging test that creates 3D images of the the inside of the body |
| X-Ray | Type of electromagnetic waves that creates pictures of the inside of the body |
| DSA | Digital subtraction angiography: diagnostic imaging technique that visualizes blood vessels. |
| Homeostasis | state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions |
| Active Transport | an energy-driven process where membrane proteins transport molecules across cells |
| Synthelase Enzymes | enzymes that catalyze synthesis processes |
| Ribosomal RNA | Translates. genetic information |
| ATP | Energy |
| Transfer RNA | acts as a link between messenger RNA (mRNA) and the amino acids that make up a protein |
| Messenger RNA | carries genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus of a cell to the cytoplasm |
| Lipids | organic compounds that are insoluble in water |
| Saturated Fats | Solid at room temperature (ie butter) |
| Unsaturated Fats | Liquid at room temperature (ie oils) |
| Cell Adhesion Molecule (CAM) | proteins on the surface of cells that help cells stick to each other and to their surroundings |
| G Protein | transmits signals from a variety of stimuli outside a cell to its interior |
| Desmosomes | keeps cells from tearing apart |
| Transport Protein | move ions, small molecules, and macromolecules across biological membranes |
| Enzyme | proteins that speed up chemical reactions within cells |
| Atomic Number | The number of protons in a nucleus |
| Mass Number | the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
| Neutron Number | the number of neutrons in the nucleus |
| Phospholipid and it's structure | Modified triglycerides; consists of a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails |
| Concentration levels and the cell membrane | Specialized proteins in the cell membrane regulate the concentration of specific molecules inside the cell |
| Transverse | this plane divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior parts |
| Regional | a specific area within a biological context, |
| Frontal | Forehead |
| Sagittal | vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sections |
| Centrosome | Regulates cell divison |
| Centriole | barrel-shaped organelles found in the cytoplasm of animal cells that help organize microtubules and cilia |
| Ribosome | cellular machinery responsible for making proteins |
| Chromosome | structure found in the nucleus of a cell that contains DNA and proteins that organize into genes. |
| Mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell |
| Mixture | compound made up of two or more chemical components that are not chemically linked |
| Compound | substance made from two or more different elements that have been chemically joined |
| Lysosomes | membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes |
| Polar Covalent Bond | covalent bond where there is unequal sharing of electrons |
| Non-polar Covalent Bond | covalent bond where there is equal sharing of electrons |
| Ionic Bond | atoms that have gained/lost electrons and become charged |
| Hydrogen Bond | an electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom with a lone pair of electrons (ie water) |
| Second Messenger | small molecules that act as messengers between cell-surface receptors and effector proteins |
| Severe Dehydration | occurs when your body does not have as much water and fluids as it needs |
| Structure of cell membrane and transport components | the plasma membrane consists of both lipids and proteins. The fundamental structure of the membrane is the phospholipid bilayer, which forms a stable barrier between two aqueous compartments |
| Triglyceride | Organic Compound that your body uses for energy |
| Glucose | simple sugar that's the primary source of energy for the body's cells |
| Cellulose | water insoluble polysaccharide made up of thousands of glucose molecules |
| Hypertonic Solution | has a high solute concentration and low water concentration |
| Hypotonic Solution | has a lower concentration of solute |
| Parietal Pleura | the outer layer of the pleura, a serous membrane that covers the lungs and lines the chest cavity |
| Serous Membrane | smooth tissue membrane of mesothelium lining the contents and inner walls of body cavities |
| Immune System | network of cells, tissues, and organs that helps the body fight infections and other diseases |
| Urinary System | system that eliminates waste |
| Digestive System | system that breaks down food |
| Endocrine System | system that secretes hormones |
| Reproductive System | system that produces offspring |
| Respiratory System | system that does gas exchange |
| Cardiovascular System | system that transports & circulates blood throughout the body |
| Muscular System | system that assists with movement & heat production |
| Skeletal System | system that provides the body's framework & protects organs |
| Lymphatic System | system that protects you from pathogens like bacteria and viruses |
| Nervous System | system that detects & responds to stimuli |
| Mass Number | # of protons and neutrons |
| Atomic Symbol | a code to identify an specific element in the Periodic Table of Elements |
| CH4 | chemical formula for methane |
| Coxal. Joint | a ball-and-socket joint that connects the lower leg to the pelvic girdle |
| Anion | Negatively charged ion |
| Cation | Positively charged ion |
| Strength of chemical bonds | he strength with which a chemical bond holds two atoms together |
| Four elements that equal to 96% of your body weight | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen |
| Axillary | relating to the armpit |
| Compound | substance made from two or more different elements that have been chemically joined |
| Solution | a homogeneous mixture that is made up of a solute dissolved within a solvent (ie water") |
| Suspension | heterogeneous mixture of two or more substances where particles are very large and can be separated (ie blood) |
| Sodium Potassium Pump | enzyme found in the membrane that helps maintain equilibrium |
| Frontal Section | anatomical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
| Median Section | vertical plane that divides the body into equal left and right parts |
| Transverse Section | this plane divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior parts |
| Sagittal Section | anatomical plane that divides the body into right and left sections |
| pH of body fluids | measures how acidic or basic a substance is on a scale of 0–14 |
| Starch | polysaccharide (C6H10O5) |
| Golgi apparatus | a cell organelle that processes and packages proteins and lipids for use inside and outside the cell |
| Rough ER | rough endoplasmic reticulum; produces proteins for the rest of the cell to function |
| Smooth ER | Smooth endoplasmic reticulum; associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones |
| Aerobic cellular respiration | he process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food (ATP) |
| Plasma membrane | separates the inside of a cell from the outside environment |
| Serous membrane | smooth tissue membrane of mesothelium lining the contents and inner walls of body cavities |
| Brachial | starts just below your shoulder and runs down through your elbow, stopping where your forearm begins. |
| Cephalic | relating to the head |
| Thoracic | relating to the chest |
| Gluteal | relating to the gluteus muscles. |
| Patellar | ligament that connects the bottom of the kneecap (patella) to the top of the shinbone (tibia) |
| Cranial | relating to the skull or cranium. |
| Abdominal | part of your body below your chest where your stomach and intestines are. |
| Pelvic | area of the body below the abdomen that is located between the hip bones and contains the bladder and rectum. |
| Nerve impulse element | electrical signals that occur when there's a difference in electrical charge across a neuron's plasma membrane |
| Cavities of the body and what's in them | |
| Connexons | |
| Transport proteins | move ions, small molecules, and macromolecules across biological membranes |
| Tight junction | a network of transmembrane proteins that form semi-permeable connections between cells |
| Glycolipids | complex carbohydrates that are attached to lipids by glycosidic bonds |
| Functional characteristics of life | |
| Parts of the DNA structure | |
| Nucleotides | the basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) |
| Organic compounds | |
| Phases of Mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, and cytokinesis |
| Proximal | closer to the limb's attachment point |
| Distal | farther from the limb's attachment point |
| Anterior | in front of/ towards the front |
| Lateral | away from the midline |
| Medial | towards the midline |
| Synthesis Reaction | chemical process in which simple elements or compounds combine to form a more complex product |
| Decomposition Reaction | reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances. |
| Reversible and irreversible chemical equation | |
| Epigastric Region | the upper middle area of the abdomen, just below the rib cage |
| Umbilical Region | The central area of the abdomen that surrounds the umbilicus |
| Homeostatic imbalance | a fluctuation in the ability to maintain equilibrium |
| Atom | the smallest particle of an element that can't be broken down |
| Electron | negative subatomic particle |
| Electrolyte | minerals in your blood and other body fluids that carry an electric charge |
| Ionic Compounds | chemical compounds made up of positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions) |
| Mitosis | the process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division |
| Apoptosis | a type of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms and some single-celled microorganisms |
| Cells | building blocks of life |
| Buffers | organic substances that maintain a constant pH over a specific range |
| Redox Reactions | chemical reactions that involve the simultaneous change in the oxidation numbers of some atoms |
| Isotopes | A form of a chemical element in which the atoms have the same number of protons but with a different number of neutrons |
| Lungs | the main organs of respiration, allowing you to breathe |
| Cellular organization | the arrangement of a cell's components, which gives the cell its shape, size, and appearance |
| Net diffusion | the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a lower concentration |
| Cortisol | hormone that helps regulate your body's response to stress |
| Vitamin K | makes certain proteins in the liver that cause blood to clot |
| Vitamin D | fat-soluble nutrient that helps your body absorb calcium, magnesium, and phosphate |
| Vitamin A | nutrient important to vision, growth, cell division, reproduction and immunity (ie Retinol) |
| Metaphase | the second stage of cell division, between prophase and anaphase, during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers. |
| Early and late prophase | n early prophase, chromosomes condense and a mitotic spindle forms. In late prophase, the nuclear envelope disintegrates and the chromosomes become more spread out |
| Telophase | the final stage of mitosis and meiosis, the processes that divide chromosomes in plant and animal cells |
| Anaphase | the fourth and final phase of mitosis, the process that separates the genetic material of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. |
| Oxidation | chemical reaction that occurs when a substance comes into contact with oxygen |
| Exergonic | gives off energy |
| Anabolism | the process of building complex molecules from simpler ones |
| Catabolism | metabolic process that breaks down large molecules into smaller units |
| Chemical Reaction | occurs when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged or broken |
| Electrical Energy | the energy that results from the movement of charged particles, like electrons, through a conductor |
| Chemical Energy | energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds |
| Radiant Energy | a type of electromagnetic energy that travels in waves |
| Mechanical Energy | the energy that is possessed by an object due to its motion |
| Omega 3 | a group of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are important for many functions in the body |
| Left Upper Quadrant | the spleen, stomach, the body of the pancreas, left kidney, adrenal gland, splenic flexure of the colon, parts of the transverse, and descending colon |
| Left Lower Quadrant | the stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, and parts of the small intestine and reproductive system |
| Right Upper Quadrant | the liver, the gallbladder, duodenum, the upper portion of the pancreas, and the hepatic flexure of the colon |
| Right Lower Quadrant | the appendix, the upper portion of the colon, and the right ovary and the Fallopian tube in women |
Created by:
juliazakaria
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