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LAB VALUES Saunders
laboratory values
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| platelets normal range | 150,000-400,000 |
| leukocytes normal range | 4,500-11,000 |
| erythrocytes normal range | 4-6.2 million |
| normal percentage of plasma in whole blood | 55% |
| minimum daily requirement of sodium | 15 mEq |
| major cation of extracellular fluid; maintains osmotic pressure and acid-base balance; assists in transmission of nerve impulses | SODIUM |
| major intracellular cation; regulates cellular water balance, electrical conduction in muscle cells, and acid-base balance; levels are used to evaluate cardiac function, renal function, GI function, and need for IV replacement therapy | POTASSIUM |
| hydrochloric acid salt; most abundant body anion; counterbalances cations such as sodium; acts as a buffer during oxygen and carbon dioxide exchane int he red blood cells; aids in digestion and maintaining osmotic pressure and h20 balance | CHLORIDE |
| mainly responsible for regulating the pH of body fluids | BICARBONATE |
| measures the amount of time it takes for recalcified citrated plasma in seconds to clot after partial thromboplastin is added to it; used to monitor heparin therapy and screen for coagulation disorder | ACTIVATED PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME (aPTT) |
| normal aPTT value | 20-36 seconds |
| normal aPTT value when on heparin therapy | 1.5-2.5 times normal |
| a vitamin K-dependent glycoprotein produced by the liver necessary for fibrin clot formation | PROTHROMBIN |
| measures the amount of time it takes in seconds for clot formation; used to monitor response to warfarin sodium (Coumadin) therapy or screen for clotting dysfunction from liver disease, vitamin K def., or DIC | PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT) |
| normal PT value | 9.6-11.8 seconds male9.5-11.3 seconds female |
| measures the effects of oral anticoagulants; standardized PT ratio | INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO (INR) |
| normal INR value with standard warfarin therapy | 2.0-3.0 seconds |
| normal INR value for high-dose warfarin therapy | 3.0-4.5 seconds |
| the time required for the interaction of all factors involved in the clotting process | CLOTTING TIME |
| normal clotting value | 8-15 minutes |
| function in hemostatic plug formation, clot retraction, and coagulation factor activation; produced by the bone marrow | PLATELETS |
| normal platelet count | 150,000-400,000 cells/mm3 |
| rate at which eythrocytes settle out of anticoagulated blood in 1 hour; test used to detect illnesses associated with aucte and chronic infection, inflammation, advanced neoplasm and tissue necrosis or infarction | ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE (ESR) |
| normal ESR value | 0-30 mm/hr (depending on age) |
| main component of erythrocytes; transports oxygen and carbon dioxide; important in identifying anemia | HEMOGLOBIN |
| represents red blood cell mass; important in identifying anemia or polycythemia | HEMATOCRIT |
| found predominantly in hemoglobin; carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and indirectly aids in the return of CO2 to the lungs; aids in diagnosing anemias and hemolytic disorders | IRON |
| normal iron values | 65-175 mcg/dL male50-170 mcg/dL female |
| function in hemoglobin transport, results in delivery of oxygen to the body tissues; formed by red bone marrow; removed form the blood via the liver, spleen, and bone marrow; count aids in diagnosing anemias and blood dyscrasias | RED BLOOD CELL (RBC)/ERYTHROCYTES |
| life span of red blood cells | 120 days |
| normal RBC count | 4.5-6.2 million cells/uL male4-5.5 million cells/uL female |
| enzyme found in muscles and brain tissue; levels rise within 6 hours of muscle damage, peaks at 18 hours, and returns to normal in 2-3 days; test performed to detect myocardial or skeletal muscle or CNS damage | CREATINE KINASE (CK) |
| normal CK value | 26-174 units/L |
| cardiac isoenzyme | CK-MB |
| brain isoenzyme | CK-BB |
| (skeletal) muscles isoenzyme | CK-MM |
| CK-MB value | 0%-5% of total |
| CK-MM value | 95%-100% of total |
| CK-BB value | 0% |
| LDH isoenzymes affected by acute myocardial infarction | LDH1 and LDH2 |
| begins to rise about 24 hours after myocardial infarction and peaks in 48-72 hours; returns to normal within 7-14 days | LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE |
| when LDH1 is higher than LDH2; helpful in diagnosin myocardial infarction | LDH FLIP |
| regulatory protein found in striated muscle (skeletal and myocardial); increased amounts are released into the bloodstream when an infarction damages the myocardium; levels elevate 3 hours after injury; | TROPONIN |
| normal Troponin I value*remains elevated for 7-10 days | <0.6 ng/mL; >1.5 ng/mL refects myocardial infarction |
| normal Troponin T levels*remains elevated for 10-14 days | >0.1-0.2 ng/mL reflect myocardial infarction |
| oxygen-binding protein found in striated (cardiac and skeletal) muscle that releases oxygen at very low tensions; injury to skeletal muscle causes release into the blood; levels rise 2 hours after MI, and declines rapidly after 7 hours | MYOGLOBIN |
| normal value of myoglobin | <90 mcg/L; elevation indicates myocardial infarction |
| main plasma protein of blood; maintains oncotic pressure and transports insoluble substances; increased in dehydration, diarrhea, metastatic carcinoma; increased in acute infection, ascites, alcoholism; *should not be detected in urine | ALBUMIN |
| normal albumin value | 3.4-5 G/dL |
| enzyme normally found in bone, liver, intestine, and placenta; level rises during periods of bone growth, liver disease, and bile duct obstruction | ALKALINE PHOSPHATE |
| normal alkaline phosphate value | 4.5-13 King-Armstrong untis/dL |
| byproduct of protein catabolism; most of it created by bacteria acting on proteins in the gut; metabolized by the liver, excreted in the kidneys as urea; elevated levels from hepatic dysfunction can lead to encephalopathy | AMMONIA |
| normal ammonia volume | 35-65 mg/dL |
| enzyme produced by the pancreas and salivary glands, aids in digestion of complex carbohydrates and excreted by the kidneys; amylase levels increase greatly in acute pancreatitis- rises in 3-6 hrs, peaks at 24 hrs, returns to normal in 2-3 days | AMYLASE |
| normal amylase value | 25-151 units/L |
| pancreatic enzyme that converts fats and trigs into fatty acids and glycerol; elevated levels occur in pancreatic diroders; occurs in 24-36 hrs after onset up to 14 days | LIPASE |
| normal lipase value | 10-140 units/L |
| produced by the liver, spleen, and bone marrow; also byproduct of Hgb breakdown; increases with jaundice; indirect and directs levels help differentiate the cause | BILIRUBIN |
| normal direct (conjugated) bilirubin value*total bilirubin can be broken down into direct bilirubin which is excreted primarily via the intestinal tract | 0-0.3 mg/dL |
| normal indirect (unconjugated) bilirubin value*circulates primarily in the bloodstream | 0.1-1.0 mg/dL |
| normal total bilirubin value | <1.5 mg/dL |
| consists primarily of cholesterold, tirglycerides, and phospholipids; assessment includes total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and trigs. | (BLOOD) LIPIDS |
| present in all body tissues and major component of LDL, brain and nerve cells, membranes, and some gallbladder stones | CHOLESTEROL |
| constitute a major part of VLDLs and a small part of LDLs; synthesized in the liver from fatty acids, protein, and glucose; obtained from the diet | TRIGLYCERIDES |
| helps protect agianst the risk of coronary artery disease | HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (HDL) |
| normal cholesterol value | 140-199 mg/dL |
| normal LDL value | <130 mg/dL |
| normal HDL value | 30-70 mg/dL |
| normal triglycerides value | <200 mg/dL |
| reflects the total amount of albumin and globulins in the plasmal regulares osmotic pressure and comprises coagulation factors; | PROTEIN |
| normal protein value*increased in Addison's, autoimmune collagen disorder, chronic infection, Chron's; decreased in conditions such as burns, cirrhosis, edema, and severe hepatic disease | 6.0-8.0 g/dL |
| formed as the purines adenine and guanine; metabolized continuously during formation and degradation of DNA and RNA; formed from the metabolism of dietary purines | URIC ACID |
| normal uric acid value*elevated amount deposit in joints and soft tissues and causes gout; and can precipitate into urate stones in the kidneys*slowed renal excretion can cause hyperuricemia | 4.5-8 mg/dL male2.5-6.2 mg/dL female |
| a monosaccharide found in fruits; formed from digestion of carbohydraes and conversion of glycogen by the liver; main source of cellular energy and essential for brain and erythrocyte fx | GLUCOSE |
| normal fasting blood glucose level*used to help diagnos DM and hypoglycemia | 70-110 mg/dL |
| aids in diagnosis of DM; if glucose levels peak at higher than normal at 1-2 hrs after injection/ingestion of glucose and are slower to return to fasting levels- DM is confirmed | GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TESTbaseline fasting 70-110 mg/dL30-min fasting 110-170 mg/dL60-min fasting 120-170 mg/dL90-min fasting 100-140 mg/dL120-min fasting 70-120 mg/dL |
| normal glucose 2-hr postprandial | <140 mg/dL |
| normal glucose monitoring (cap) | 60-110 mg/dL |
| blood glucose bound to Hgb | GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN |
| reflection of how well blood glucose levels have been controlled for the past 3-4 months | HEMOGLOBIN A1C (HbA1c) |
| normal HbA1c value*as precentage of total hemoglobin | diabetics with:good control 7% or lowerfair control 7-8%poor control higher than 8% |
| reflects average serum glucose levels over 2-3 weeks; more sensitive to recent changes than HbA1c | GLYCOSYLATED SERUM ALBUMIN (FRUCTOSAMINE) |
| normal fructosamine levels | nondiabetic: 1.5-2.7 mmol/Ldiabetic: 2.0-5.0 mmol/L |
| specific indicator of renal function; increased levels indicate slowing of GFR | CREATININE |
| normal creatinine value | 0.6-1.3 mg/dL |
| the nitrogen portion of urea | BUN |
| normal BUN value | 8-25 mg/dL |
| substance formed in the liver through an enzymatic protein breakdown process; normally filtered through the renal golmeruli with a small amount of reabsorbed in thr tubules, and the rest in the urine | UREA |
| cation abdorbed into the bloodstream from dietary sources; functions in bone formation, nerve impulse transmission,a nd contraction of myocardial and skeletal muscles; aids in blood clotting (converts PT to thrombin) | CALCIUM |
| normal calcium value | 8.6-10 mg/dL |
| used as an index to determine metabolic activity and renal fx; needed in blood-clotting mechanism, reglulates neuromuscular activity; calcium metabolism | MAGNESIUM |
| normal magnesium level | 1.6-2.6 mg/dL |
| important in bone formation, nergy storage and release, urinary acid-base buffering, carb metabolism; | PHOSPHORUS |
| normaal phosphorus value | 2.7-4.5 mg/dL |
| normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)value | 0.2-5.4 microunits/mL |
| normal thyroxine (T4) value | 5.0-12.0 mcg/dL |
| normal free thyroxine (FT4) value | 0.8-2.4 ng/dL |
| normal triiodothyronine (T3) value | 80-230 ng/dL |
| functions in the immune defense system of the body; assesses leukocyte distribution | WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBC) |
| normal WBC count | 4,500-11,000 cells/mm3 |
| means an increased number of immature neutrophils is present in the blood | "SHIFT TO THE LEFT" |
| means that cells have more than the usual number of nuclear segments; found in liver disease, Down syndrome, or megaloblastic and pernicious anemia | "SHIFT TO THE RIGHT" |
| tests include radioimmunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and microparticle enzyme immunoassay; serological tests for specific MARKERS | HEPATITIS |
| tests to diagnose include ELISA, Western blot, and immunofluorescence assay (IFA) | HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) AND ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) |
| cell count monitors progression of HIV; decreases as the disease progresses | CD4+T cell COUNTS |
| normal CD4+T-cell count | 500-1600 cell/L*immune system is healthy with >500 cells/Lproblems occur with 200-499 cells/Lsevere immune system problems with <200 cells/L |
| ratio monitors progression of disease; normal ratio is 2:1 | CD4-to-CD8 ratio |
Created by:
roxanneramirez
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