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nsu_226 test#2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Accommodation | - adaptation of the eye for near vision by increasing the curvature of the lens |
| Anisocoria | unequal pupil size |
| Arcus senilis | gray-white arc or circle around the limbus of the iris that is common with aging |
| Argyll Robertson pupil | pupil does not react to light; does constrict with accommodation |
| Astigmatism | refractive error of vision due to differences in curvature in refractive surfaces of the eyes (cornea and lens) |
| A-V crossing | crossing paths of an artery and vein in the ocular fundus |
| Bitemporal hemianopsia | loss of both temporal visual fields |
| Blepharitis | - inflammation of the glands and eyelash follicles along the margin of the eyelids |
| Chalazion- | - infection or retention cyst of a meibomian gland, showing as a beady nodule on the eyelid |
| Cataract | - opacity of the lens of the eye that develops slowly with aging and gradually obstructs vision |
| Conjunctivitis | infection of the conjunctiva, “pinkeye” |
| Microaneurysm- | abnormal finding of around red dots on the ocular fundus that are localized dilations of small vessels |
| Miosis- | constricted pupils |
| Mydriasis- | dilated pupils |
| Myopia- | “nearsighted”; refractive error in which near vision is better than far vision |
| Nystagmus- | involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement of the eyeball |
| OD- | oculus dexter, or right eye |
| Optic disc- | area of ocular fundus in which blood vessels exit and enter |
| OS- | oculus sinister, or left eye |
| Papilledema- | stasis of blood flow out of the ocular fundus; sign of increased intracranial pressure |
| Presbyopia- | decrease in power of accommodation that occurs with aging |
| Pterygium- | triangular opaque tissue on the nasal side of the conjunctiva that grows toward the center of the cornea |
| Ptosis- | drooping of upper eyelid over the iris and possibly covering pupil |
| Red reflex- | red glow that appears to fill the person’s pupil when first visualized through the ophthalmoscope |
| Strabismus- | (squint, crossed eye) disparity of the eye axes |
| Xanthelasma- | soft, raised yellow plaques occurring on the skin at the inner corners of the eyes |
| annulus- | outer fibrous rim encircling the eardrum |
| atresia- | congenital absence or closure of ear canal |
| cerumen- | yellow waxy material that lubricates and protects the ear canal |
| cochlea- | inner ear structure containing the central hearing apparatus |
| Eustachian tube- | connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx and allows passage of air |
| Helix- | superior, posterior free rim of the pinna |
| Incus- | “anvil,” middle of the 3 ossicles of the middle ear |
| Malleus- | “hammer,” first of the 3 ossicles of the middle ear |
| Mastoid- | bony prominence of the skull located just behind the ear |
| Organ of Corti- | sensory organ of hearing |
| Otalgia- | pain in the ear |
| Otitis externa- | inflammation of the outer ear and ear canal |
| Otitis media- | inflammation of the middle ear and tympanic membrane |
| Otorrhea- | discharge from the ear |
| Pars flaccida- | small, slack, superior section of tympanic membrane |
| Pars tensa- | thick, taut, central/inferior section of tympanic membrane |
| Pinna- | auricle, or outer ear |
| Stapes- | “stirrup,” inner of the ossicles of the middle ear |
| Tinnitus- | ringing in the ears |
| Tympanic membrane- | “eardrum,” thin, translucent, oval membrane that stretches across the ear canal and separates the middle ear from the outer ear |
| Umbo- | knob of the malleus that shows through the tympanic membrane |
| Vertigo- | a spinning, twirling sensation |
| Aphthous ulcers- | “canker sores,” – small, painful, round ulcers in the oral mucosa of unknown cause |
| Buccal- | pertaining to the cheek |
| Candidiasis- | (moniliasis) white, cheesy, curdlike patch on buccal mucosa due to superficial fungal infection |
| Caries | - decay in the teeth |
| Crypts- | indentations on surface of tonsils |
| Cheilitis- | red, scaling, shallow, painful fissures at corners of mouth |
| Choanal atresia- | closure of nasal cavity due to congenital septum between nasal cavity and pharynx |
| Epistaxis- | nosebleed, usually from anterior septum |
| Epulis- | nontender, fibrous nodule of the gum |
| Fordyce’s granules- | small, isolated, white or yellow papules on oral mucosa |
| Gingivitis- | red swollen gum margins that bleed easily |
| Herpes simplex- | “cold sores,” clear vesicles with red base that evolve into pustules, usually at lip-skin junction |
| Koplik’s spots | - small, blue-white raised patch on sides of tongue; precancerous |
| Malocclusion- | upper or lower dental arches out of alignment |
| Papillae- | rough bumpy elevation on dorsal surface of tongue |
| Parotid glands- | pair of salivary glands in the cheeks in front of the ears |
| Pharyngitis- | inflammation of the throat |
| Plaque- | soft whitish debris on teeth |
| Polyp- | smooth, pale gray nodules in the nasal cavity due to chronic allergic rhinitis |
| Rhinitis- | red swollen inflammation of nasal mucosa |
| Thrush- | Oral candidiasis in the newborn |
| Turbinate- | one of the 3 bony projections into nasal cavity |
| Uvula- | Free projection hanging down from the middle of the soft palate |
| Alveoli- | functional units of the lung; the thin-walled chambers surrounded by networks of capillaries that are the site of respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen |
| Angle of louis- | Manubriosternal angle, the articulation of the manubrium and body of the sternum, continuous with the second rib |
| Apnea- | cessation of breathing |
| Asthma- | an abnormal respiratory condition associated with allergic hypersensitivity to certain inhaled allergens, characterized by bronchospasm, wheezing, and dyspnea |
| Atelectasis- | an abnormal respiratory condition characterized by collapsed, shrunken, deflated section of alveoli |
| Bradypnea- | slow breathing, <10 breaths per minute, regular rate |
| Bronchiole- | one of the smaller respiratory passageways into wich the segmental bronchi divide |
| Bronchitis- | inflammation of the bronchi with partial obstruction of bronchi due to excessive mucus secretion |
| Bronchophony- | the spoken voice sound heard through the stethoscope, which sounds soft, muffled, and indistinct over normal lung tissue |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)- | a functional category of abnormal respiratory conditions characterized by airflow obstruction (E.G. emphysema, chronic bronchitis) |
| Cilia- | millions of hairlike cells lining the tracheobronchial tree |
| Consolidation- | the solidification of portions of ling tissue as it fills up with infectious exudate, as in pneumonia |
| Crackles- | (rales) abnormal, discontinuous, adventitious lung sounds heard on inspiration |
| Crepitus- | coarse cracking sensation palpable over the skin when air abnormally escapes from the lung and enters the subcutaneous tissue |
| Dead space- | passageways that transport air but are not available for gaseous exchange, (e.g. trachea and bronchi) |
| Dyspnea- | difficult, labored breathing |
| Egophony- | the voice sound of “eeeeeee” heard through the stethoscope |
| Emphysema- | the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by enlargement of alveoli distal to terminal bronchioles |
| Fissure- | the narrow crack dividing the lobes of the lungs |
| Fremitus- | a palpable vibration from the spoken voice felt over the chest wall |
| Friction rub- | a coarse, grating, adventitious lung sound heard when the pleurae are inflamed |
| Hypercapnia- | (hypercarbia) increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| Hyperventilation- | increased rate and depth of breathing |
| Hypoxemia- | Decreased level of oxygen in the blood |
| Intercostal space- | space between the ribs |
| Kussmaul’s respiration- | a type of hyperventilation that occurs with diabetic ketoacidosis |
| Orthopnea- | ability to breathe easily only in an upright position |
| Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea- | sudden awaking from sleeping with shortness of breath |
| Percussion- | striking over the chest wall with short sharp blows of the fingers in order to determine the size and density of the underlying organ |
| Pleural effusion- | abnormal fluid between the layers of the pleura |
| Rhonchi- | low-pitched, musical, snoring, adventitious lung sound caused by air-flow obstruction from secretions |
| Tachypnea- | rapid shallow breathing, > 24 breaths per minute |
| Vesicular- | the soft, low-pitched, normal breath sounds heard over peripheral lung fields |
| Vital capacity- | the amount of air, following maximal inspiration, that can be exhaled |
| Wheeze- | high-pitched, musical, squeaking adventitious lung sound |
| Whispered pectoriloquy- | a whispered phrase heard through the stethoscope that sounds faint and inaudible over normal lung tissue |
| Xiphoid process- | sword-shaped lower tip of the sternum |
| Angina pectoris- | acute chest pain that occurs when myocardial demand exceeds its oxygen supply |
| Aortic regurgitation- | (aortic insufficiency) incompetent aortic valve that allows backward flow of blood into left ventricle during diastole |
| Aortic stenosis- | calcification of aortic valve cusps that restricts forward flow of blood during systole |
| Aortic valve- | the left semilunar valve separating the left ventricle and the aorta |
| Apex of the heart- | tip of the heart pointing down toward the 5th left intercostal space |
| Apical impulse- | (point of maximal impulse, PMI) pulsation created as the left ventricle rotates against the chest wall during systole, normally at the 5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line |
| Base of the heart- | broader area of heart’s outline located at the 3rd right and left intercostal space |
| Bell (of the stethoscope) cup- | shaped endpiece used for soft, low-pitched heart sounds |
| Clubbing- | bulbous enlargement of distal phalanges of fingers and toes that ovvurs with chronic cyanotic heart and lung conditions |
| Coarctation of aorta- | severe narrowing of the descending aorta, a congenital heart defect |
| Cor pulmonale | right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension |
| Cyanosis- | dusky blue mottling of the skin and mucous membranes due to excessive amount of reduced hemoglobin in the blood |
| Diaphragm (of the stethoscope)- | flat endpiece of the stethoscope used for hearing relatively high-pitched heart sounds |
| Diastole- | the heart’s filling phase |
| Dyspnea- | difficult, labored breathing |
| Edema- | swelling of legs or dependent body part due to increased interstitial fluid |
| Erb’s point- | traditional auscultatory area in the 3rd left intercostal space |
| First heart sounds (S1)- | occurs with closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves signaling the beginning of systole |
| Fourth heart sound (S4)- | (S4 gallop; atrial gallop) very soft, low-pitched, ventricular filling sound that occurs in late diastole |
| Gallop rhythm- | the addition of a 3rd or a 4th heart sound makes the rhymun sound like the cadence of a galloping horse |
| Inching- | technique of moving the stethoscope incrementally across the precordium through the auscultatory areas while listening to the heart sounds |
| LVH (left ventricular hypertrophy)- | increase in thickness of myocardial wall that occurs when the heart pumps against chronic outflow obstruction, e.g. aortic stenosis |
| MCL(midchavicular line) – | imaginary vertical line bisecting the middle of the clavicle in each hemithorax |
| Mitral regurgitation- | (mitral insufficiency) incompetent mitral valve allows regurgitation of blood back into left atrium during systole |
| Mitral stenosis- | calcified mitral valve impedes forward flow of blood into left ventricle during diastole |
| Mitral valve- | left AV valve separating the left atria and ventricle |
| Palpitation- | uncomfortable awareness of rapid or irregular heart rate |
| Paradoxical splitting- | opposite of a normal split S2 so that the split is heard in expiration, and in inspiration the sounds fuse to one sound |
| Pericardial friction rub- | high-pitched scratchy extracardiac sound heard when the precorium is inflamed |
| Physiologic splitting- | normal variation in S1 heard as two separate components during inspiration |
| Precordium- | area of the chest wall overlying the heart and great vessels |
| Pulmonic regurgitation- | (pulmonic insufficiency) backflow of blood through incompetent pulmonic valve into the right ventricle |
| Pulmonic stenosis- | calcification of pulmonic valve that restricts forward flow of blood during systole |
| Pulmonic valve- | right semilunar valve separating the right ventricle and pulmonary artery |
| Second heart sound (S2)- | occurs with closure of the semilunar valves, aortic and pulmonic, and signals the end of systole |
| Summation gallop- | abnormal mid-diastolic heart sound heard when both pathologic S3 and S4 are present |
| Syncope- | temporary loss of consciousness due to decrease cerebral blood flow (fainting), caused by ventricular asystole, pronounced bradycardia, or ventricular fibrillation |
| Systole- | the heart’s pumping phase |
| Tachycardia- | rapid heart rate, > 100 beats per minute in the adult |
| Third heart sound (S3) | soft, low-pitched, ventricular filling sound that occurs in early diastole (S3 gallop) and may be an early sign of heart failure |
| Thrill- | palpable vibration on the chest wall accompanying severe heart murmur |
| Tricuspid valve- | right AV valve separating the right atria and ventricle |
| Allen test- | determining the patency of the radial and ulnar arteries by compressing one artery site and observing return of skin color as evidence of patency of the other artery |
| Aneurysm- | defect or sac formed by dilation in artery wall due to atherosclerosis, trauma, or congenital defect |
| Arrhythmia- | variation from the heart’s normal rhythm |
| Arteriosclerosis- | thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls |
| Atherosclerosis- | plaques of fatty deposits formed in the inner layer( intima) of the arteries |
| Bradycardia- | slow heart rate, <50 beats per minute in the adult |
| Bruit- | blowing, swooshing sound heard through a stethoscope when an artery is partially occluded |
| Diastole- | the heart’s filling phase |
| Homans’ sign- | calf pain that occurs when the foot is sharply dorsiflexed (Pushed up, toward the knee); may occur with deep vein thrombosis, phlebitis, Achilles tendinitis, or muscle injury |
| Ischemia- | deficiency of arterial blood to a body part, due to constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel |
| Lymphedema- | swelling of extremity due to obstructed lymph channel, nonpitting |
| Lymph nodes- | small oval clumps of lymphatic tissue located at grouped intervals along lymphatic vessels |
| Pitting edema- | indentation left after examiner depresses the skin over swollen edematous tissue |
| Profile sign- | Viewing the finger from the side in order to detect early clubbing |
| Pulse- | pressure wave created by each heartbeat, palpable at body sites where the artery lies close tot the skin and over a bone |
| Pulsus alternans- | regular rhythm, but force of pulse varies with alternating beats of large and small amplitude |
| Pulsus bigeminus- | irregular rhythm, every other beat is premature, premature beats have weakened amplitude |
| Pulses paradoxus- | beats have weaker amplitude with respiratory inspiration, stronger with expiration |
| Systole- | the heart’s pumping phase |
| Tachycardia- | rapid heart rate, >100 beats per minute in the adult |
| Thrombophlebitis- | inflammation of the vein associated with thrombus formation |
| Varicose vein- | dilated tortuous veins with incompetent valves |
| Ulcer- | open skin lesion extending into dermis with sloughing of necrotic inflammatory tissue |
Created by:
mallory043
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