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CLP3305 - TEST 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is 'depth of a problem'? | depends on whether it is innate (biologically determined), whether it is difficult to disconfirm the belief underlying it, and whether the belief underlying is "powerful" (quite general and can explain many facts) |
| How do supportive factors play a role in many therapies? | supportive factors (such as trust) lay the groundwork for changes in client's beliefs and attitudes (learning factors, such as insight), which then lead to client action or behavioral change (taking risks) |
| What are patient therapeutic variables? | gender, age, race, dress, attitude, ideal about therapy, stress/problem (motivation), intelligence (verbal process/ability to establish connections) |
| What is meta-analysis? | has served to strengthen the case for effectiveness of psychotherapy; combines the results of several studies that address a set of related research hypotheses |
| What is process research? | addresses the specific events that occur during therapy in the course of the interaction between therapist and client; relationship between outcomes and processes that occur during therapy |
| Is one form of therapy more effective than another? | no |
| What is psychic determinism? | everything we do has meaning and purpose and is goal-directed |
| What is the goal of therapy? | to make the unconscious conscious |
| What is regression? | involves a return to a stage that earlier provided a great deal of gratification |
| What is projection? | revealed when people's unconscious feelings are attributed not to themselves but to another |
| What is free association? | client says everything and anything that comes to mind |
| What is resistance? | general reluctance to discuss, remember, or think about events that are particularly troubling or threatening |
| What is symptom substitution? | symptom indicates an unconscious problem that needs resolution |
| What is self-actualization? | the basic human tendency toward maintaining and enhancing the experience self |
| What is growth potential? | releasing of an already existing capacity in a potentially competent individual, not the manipulation of a more or less passive personality |
| What are the series of don'ts in the therapeutic process? | giving information or advice, using reassurance or persuasion, asking questions, offering interpretations, and making criticisms |
| What is the view on diagnosis in client-centered therapy? | de-emphasized or avoided; considered to be detrimental; places the psychologist in a superior, authoritative role |
| What are the goals of existential therapy? | help the individual reach a point of which awareness and decision making can be exercised responsibly; through therapy clients learn to accept responsibility for their own decisions and to tolerate the anxiety that accumulates as they move toward change |
| How can existential therapy be described? | sees people as engaged in a search for meaning; not a unified force, but many views; crucial facet of personality is decision making; guilt and anxiety are not learned but are part of the essence of living |
| What is logotherapy? | a technique that encourages the client to find meaning in what appears to be a callous, uncaring, and meaningless world; strives to inculcate a sense of the client's own responsibilities and obligations |
| What is paradoxical intention? | client is told to consciously attempt to perform the very behavior or response that is the object of anxiety or concern |
| What is de-reflection? | instructs the client to ignore a troublesome behavior or symptom |
| What is Gestalt therapy? | emphasis is on present experience and on the immediate awareness of emotion and action; being in touch with one's feelings replaces the search for the origins of behavior; |
| promises to restore the proper balance as clients strive to find meaning in a technological society that separates people from themselves | |
| What are the basic notions of Gestalt therapy? | conceptualization of the person as an organized whole; must develop awareness of ways in which they defeat themselves; awareness is reached through what one is feeling NOW; therapist serves as catalytic agent |
| What is broad spectrum of treatment? | employ a variety of specific techniques, not only for different clients but for the same client at different points in treatment (referred to as broad spectrum behavior therapy) |
| What is systematic desensitization? | typically applied when a client has the capacity to respond adequately to a particular situation, yet reacts with anxiety, fear, or avoidance; a technique to reduce anxiety based upon the principle that one cannot simultaneously be relaxed and anxious; |
| idea is to teach client to relax and then, while they are in the relaxed state, to introduce a gradually increasing series of anxiety-provoking stimuli | |
| What are the techniques and procedures used in systematic desensitization? | begins with history of the problem (pinpoint the locus of the anxiety and determine if method is appropriate); problem is explained to client |
| What is the anxiety hierarchy? | client is asked to imagine weakest item while being completely relaxed; therapist moves the client up the hierarchy gradually |
| What are the different theories of systematic desensitization? | counterconditioning; extinction; habituation hypotheses |
| What is contingency management? | goal is controlling behavior by manipulating its consequences |
| What are some contingency management techniques? | shaping, time-out, contingency contracting, grandma's rule |
| What is shaping (successive approximation)? | desired behavior is developed by first rewarding any behavior that approximates it |
| What is time-out? | undesirable behavior is extinguished by removing the person temporarily from a situation in which the behavior is reinforced |
| What is contingency contracting? | formal agreement, or contract, is struck |
| What is grandma's rule (Premack principle)? | "First you work, then you play" |
| What is RET (Ellis's rational-emotive therapy) and the ABC's? | all behavior is determined not by events but by the person's interpretation of them A: activating events or situations B: beliefs C: behavioral consequences |
| What are the curative factors? | imparting information; instilling hope; universality; altruism; interpersonal learning; imitative behavior; corrective recapitulation of the primary family; catharis; group cohesiveness |
| Does group therapy work? | research indicates the effectiveness is more effective than no treatment; does not appear to be more effective than other forms of psychotherapy; more research, especially on curative factors, is needed |
| What is the future of group therapy? | clients and therapists often view group therapy as a second-choice; managed health care is likely to make group therapy a more variable option in the future (can save staff time ($) in the care of less severely disturbed patients) |
| ESSAYS (chapters 12, 13, 14): | ESSAYS (chapters 12, 13, 14): |
| Describe resistance and examples of it. | -during the course of psychotherapy, the client may attempt to ward off efforts to dissolve neurotic methods or resolving problems, a characteristic defense known as resistance -clients may find painful subjects difficult to contemplate or discuss |
| -numerous forms of resistance --Ex: *client may talk less, or report that their mind is blank *may repeatedly talk around a point or repeat the same material *may discuss other, less threatening, issues *may intellectualize *may come late or cancel | |
| *may engage in acting-out | |
| What are the pros and cons of behavior therapy? | Pros: -efficacy -efficiency -an array of empirically supported techniques -symptom substitution -blends the two rolls of scientist-practioner and clinical scientist |
| -breadth of application --even financially strapped individuals with mental disabilities or chronic mental illness can be aided by therapy Cons: -linking practice to science --not all behavioral methods are based on strong experimental evidence | |
| --many things that behavioral therapists do can be equally explained by nonbehavioral points of view -dehumanizing -not producing inner growth -nonspecific problems -rejection of mental processes -manipulation and control -generalization | |
| -lack of unifying theory | |
| What are the core features of behavioral psychology? | -empathy --conveys a kind of sensitivity to the needs, feelings, and circumstances of the client -unconditional positive regard --respect for the client as a human |
| -congruence --genuineness --therapists express the behavior, feelings, or attitudes that the client stimulates in them | |
| -attitude versus technique --state of mind rather than a set of techniques --forego emphasis on the past in favor of an awareness of current |
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