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Economic Geology
Licensure Exam for Mining Engineering 2024
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Protore | A mineralized rock that are too lean to a profit or too low to constitute ore but from which ore may formed by secondary enrichment. |
| Primary or Hypogene | A class of ore minerals which is deposited during the original period of mineralization. |
| Secondary or Supergene | A class of ore minerals which is the alteration product of the primary minerals as a result of weathering or other surficial processes resulting from descending waters. |
| Gangue Minerals | These are associated nonmetallic minerals of a deposit which is usually discarded during the ore treatment. |
| Cyprus Type Deposits | A type of VHMS deposits referring to massive base metal sulfide ores associated with mafic-ultramafic composition developed in ophiolite-related, extrusive basalt sequences. |
| Besshi Type or Kieslager Type Deposits | A type of VHMS deposits referring to stratabound massive cupriferous iron sulfide deposits, bed-like, lenticular in form that line conformably in crystalline schist, |
| Kuroko Type Deposits | A type of VHMS deposits referring to stratabound polymetallic sulfide deposits genetically related to a submarine volcanic activity,. |
| Disseminated | A style of mineralization where ore minerals are dispersed through the host rock. |
| Stockwork | A style of mineralization where an interlacking network of small and narrow (commonly measured in cm), close-spaced ore-bearing veinlets traverse the host rock. |
| Massive | A style of mineralization where ore minerals are greater than 50% of the host rock. |
| Tabular | A style of mineralization where an ore zone is extensive in its two dimensions, but has restricted development in its third dimensions. |
| Vein-type | A style of mineralization occurring in veins which is commonly discordant to the host rock layering (depositional). |
| Stratiform | A style of mineralization where ore minerals are confined to a specific bed, thus, broadly conformable to host rock layering (depositional). |
| Stratabound | A style of mineralization where ore minerals are discordant to the host rock layering (depositional), but restricted to a particular stratigraphic interval or unit. |
| Metallogenic Epoch | Refers to a geologic time interval during which there was a heightened concentration of metallogenic activity, resulting to numerous mineral deposits. |
| Metallogenic Province | Refers to a mineralized region or area containing mineral deposits of a specific type or a group of deposits that possess features suggesting genetic relationship. |
| Disseminated | A diamond in kimberlite pipes belongs to this kind of style of mineralization. |
| Stockwork | A footwall alteration zone of volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits belongs to this kind of style of mineralization. |
| Massive | A volcanic-hosted massive sulfide lenses belongs to this kind of style of mineralization. |
| Tabular | A sandstone-type uranium deposits belongs to this kind of style of mineralization. |
| Vein-type | A base- and precious metal veins belongs to this kind of style of mineralization. |
| Stratiform | A Kupferschiefer-type stratiform copper deposits belongs to this kind of style of mineralization. |
| Stratabound | A mineralized breccia bodies in Mississippi Valley-type deposits belongs to this kind of style of mineralization. |
| Clarke of Concentration | It refers to the concentration of an element in a mineral or rock relative to its crustal abundance. It is also the average minimum exploitable grade (%) to its average crustal abundance (%). |
| Concentration Factor | It refers ratio of the average concentration of an element in a mineable mineral deposit to its average crustal abundance. |
| Lithopile | A Goldschmidt's classification of elements which refers to any elements that combine with oxygen, dominantly in oxide and sulfide minerals. |
| Atmophile | A Goldschmidt's classification of elements which refers to any elements forming elemental gases |
| Chalcophile | A Goldschmidt's classification of elements which refers to any elements that combine with sulfur, dominantly in sulfide minerals. |
| Siderophile | A Goldschmidt's classification of elements which refers to any elements occurring as native elements or as alloys. |
| Mineral Deposits | Are accumulations or concentrations of one or more useful substances, metalliferous or non-metalliferous, that are for the most part sparsely distributed in the earth’s outer crust. |
| Geologic Reserve | It is a subset of a geologic resource; that portion of an identified resource which can be extracted economically using current technology. |
| Geologic Resource | It is naturally occurring solids, liquids or gases known or thought to exist in or on the Earth’s crust in concentrations which make extraction economically feasible either at present or sometime in the future. |
| Economic Mineral | Are any geological material which is of commercial value to human society. |
| Ore | It is an aggregation of ore minerals and gangue from which one or metals may be extracted at a profit. |
| Petrogenic Elements | These include elements that make up the bulk of the rock. |
| Metallogenic Elements | These include elements which are of economic importance. |
| Occurrences | Are accumulations which are too small to be economical to extract. |
| Prospects | Are accumulations of ore minerals which have the potential to be identified as ore deposits with thorough exploration. |
| Tenor of Ore | The metal content of an ore, generally expressed in percentage or units. |
| % Weight | The grade for base metals is expressed as: |
| Ounce or Grams per Ton | The grade for precious metals is expressed as: |
| Metallogeny | The study of the genesis of ore deposits. |
| Polymetallic | Refers to an ore deposit that is the source of more than one metal suitable for recovery. |
| Hypogene Ores | Ores formed deep within the Earth's crust through ascending solutions, typically associated with high temperatures and pressures. |
| Supergene Ores | Ores formed near the Earth's surface as a result of weathering and oxidation through descending solutions. |
| Syngenetic Ores | Ores formed at the same time (penecontemporaneously) with the enclosing host rock. |
| Epigenetic Ores | Ores formed after the host rock have been deposited and formed. |
| Diplagenetic Ores | Ores formed partly syngenetic and partly epigenetic which means it undergone initial formation and later alteration. |
| Endogenic Ores | Ores formed within the lithosphere through processes originating from the Earth's interior involving magmatic, hydrothermal, and metamorphic activities. |
| Exogenic Ores | Ores formed at or on the Earth's surface where lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere interact with each other through weathering, erosion, and sedimentation. |
| Vein | A tabular deposits usually formed by deposition of ore and gangue minerals in open space within a fault or other structural environment. |
| Alteration | A change in the mineralogy of the rock as a result of chemical reaction with hydrothermal solutions. |
| Replacement | A chemical process whereby hydrothermal fluids passing through impermeable rocks, reacts with rocks to dissolve the original minerals, and replace them with new ore and gangue minerals. |
| Hydrothermal Fluids | A hot fluid and groundwater circulating within the Earth's crust that alters rocks and deposits minerals. |
| Massive Sulphide | A stratiform usually lens-shaped mineral deposit consisting at least 60% sulphide minerals. |
| Gossan | A rusty, surficial weathering zone caused by the oxidation of pyrite to produce secondary iron oxide minerals. |
| Skarn | A replacement of limestone (calcium carbonate) or other carbonate-rich rocks adjacent to an intrusive contact by calc-silicate minerals usually through the addition of Si and other elements. |
| Discordant Orebodies | These are orebodies that cut across or are not parallel to the layering of the country rock or structure. |
| Concordant Orebodies | These are orebodies, generally elongated pods or sheets, that are parallel to the layering of the country rock or structure. |
| Tabular Orebodies | These are discordant orebodies which are often inclined and feature distinct hanging wall and footwall characterized by a "pinch-and-swell" structure" causing variation in thickness along their length. |
| Tubular Orebodies | These are discordant orebodies having a limited extension (commonly subequal and circular in cross section) in two-dimension but extensive in third-dimension. |
| Tabular Orebodies | These are discordant orebodies which are extensive in two-dimension but narrow in third-dimension. |
| Tubular Orebodies | It comprises horizontal to sub-horizontal orebodies irrespective of the orientation of the host rock with one ore more branches. |
| Disseminated Ore body | It is an ore body in which the ore minerals are spread through- out the host rock and occur as small blebs or isolated grains. |
| Pipes or Chimney | A tubular ore body which is a vertically or subvertically oriented, cylindrical body, often a breccia, of vein or replacement mineralization. |
| Mantos | A tubular ore body which is of horizontal or subhorizontal oriented chimney-like structure, usually of replacement mineralizaiton. It is also known as flat-lying bodies. |
| Cockscomb | It is a type of crustiform banding that forms around breccia fragments within a vein, creating a jagged, comb-like appearance as the mineral layers wrap around the broken rock pieces. |
| Lode | It refers to a mineral deposit, often in the form of a vein or ore body, that is found typically in cracks, fissures, or fractures. |
| Shoot | It refers to a more concentrated or enriched section of the lode. It is an area within the lode where the mineralization is denser or richer. |
| Footwall | The lower contact of an inclined vein, or the wall rock which lies on the lower side of a dipping vein. |
| Hangingwall | The upper contact of an inclined vein. |
| Crustiform Banding | It is a pattern in veins where minerals grow inward from the vein walls in distinct, symmetrical layers, with each layer representing a different pulse of mineral deposition. |
| Comb Structure | It is a pattern in veins where minerals, typically quartz, crystallize inward from opposite walls, meeting in the center to form a jagged, interlocking arrangement resembling a rooster's comb. |
| Vugs | This is an open space or cavity within a rock, usually within a vein which can be encrusted by secondary minerals like quartz and calcite. It also known as bughole. |
| Banding | It is the formation of distinct, parallel layers or stripes within a syngenetic deposit caused by changes in pressure and temperature over a period of time. |
| Shear Zone | A planar zone of weakness, similar to a fault, but consisting of several parallel displacement zones usually over a greater width than a single fault. |
| Black Smokers | Chimneys formed from the deposits of iron sulfide. |
| White Smokers | Chimneys formed from the deposits of Barium, Calcium, and Silicon. |
| Stringer Zone | It refers to a specific and more localized area of concentration of closely-spaced veins in which veins may be more aligned or follow a specific pattern. |
| Lode and Shoot | All refer to mineralized zones within a fault or shear zone or a vein fissure, stringer structure. |
| Breccia | Angular fragments of rock produced by movement along a fault or explosive igneous activity. |
| Strike | An azimuth direction of the longest axis of the ore body taken in the horizontal plane |
| Dip | An inclination of the axis of the ore body, perpendicular to the strike. |
| Axis | The longest dimension of the ore body. |
| Plunge | An angle between the axis and the horizontal plane, measured in the same plane. |
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