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Cells chap 3
Cells chap 3 a&p
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cells | are the simplest structural and functional unit of living organisms. There are about 75 trillion cells in the human body. Many different types of specialized cells in the human body. |
| Plasma Membrane | Outer boundary of the cell. Barrier to water-soluble materials insides and outside the cell. Composition is two layers of phospholipids molecules and cholesterol |
| Plasma Membrane cont. | Proteins are attached to or embedded in the phospholipid layers/ Passageways for transport of substances in and out of the cell. Receptors for enzymes and hormones. With carbohydrates serve as identification makers |
| Selective permeable | Allows only certain molecules to enter or exit the cell. |
| What can pass through the plasma membrane is determined by | molecular size, solubility, ionic charges, and attachment to carrier molecules |
| Cytoplasm | fluid or gel-like substance that fills the interior of the cell. 75% to 90% water plus organic and inorganic molecules. Semitransparent, thicker than water. |
| Cytoplasm is supported by | intracellular membranes and cytoskeleton |
| Organelles | Tiny organs in the cytoplasm that perform specific roles in the cell |
| Nucelus | Largest organelle. Nuclear envelope separates it from the cytoplasm. Has pores that aid in movement of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm |
| Chromosomes | made of DNA and proteins |
| Total chromosomes per nucleus | 46 , 23 pairs |
| What contains instructions that controls cell function | DNA |
| Inactive form of DNA | Chromatin |
| Nucleoli | organelles found inside the nucleus, contain RNA and protein and are site of ribosome production |
| Ribosomes | Composed of ribosomal RNA and protein. Site of protein synthesis in cells and occur sigly or in clusters |
| Membranes that extend from the nucleus throughout cytoplasm. Functions is to support sytoplasm and channels to facilitate movement of materials within the cell | Endoplasmic Reticulum or ER |
| Two types of ER | Smooth and Rough ER |
| Rough ER | has numerous, attached ribosomes. Proteins made here are exported from cell |
| Lacks ribosomes and the site of lipid synthesis | Smooth ER |
| Golgi Complex | Stack of flattened membranous sacs. Processes and sorts synthesized substances into vesicles |
| Mitochondria | Possess an inner folded membrance (cristae) and outer smooth membrane. Site of aerobic cellular respiration. The power house of the cell |
| Lysosomes | contain powerful digestive enzymes. Function to digest bacteria entering cell. Cell parts to be replaced and damaged or worn out cells |
| Microtubules | long, thin tubules and support for cell and movement of organelles |
| Tiny rods of contractile protein and support and enable movement | Microfilaments |
| Centrioles | two short cylinders of microtubules near nucleus and oriented at right angles. Form and organize spindle fibers during cell division. Involved in forming microtubules in cilia and flagella |
| Cilia | Numerous, short hair-like projections containing microtubules. Move substances along cell surface |
| Long, whip-like projections containing microtubules. Enables for movement of cells (sperm) | Flagella |
| Microvilli | Extensions of the plasma memebrane. Increase cell surface area and aid in substance absorption into the cell. Abundant in intestinal cells |
| Passive transport | movement without cell assistance, does not require ATP |
| Active Transport | movement requiring ATP as the cell assists in transport |
| 3 types of passive transport | diffusion, osmosis, and filtration |
| Diffusion | Net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Occurs in gases and liquids due to constant, random motion of molecules, and is in both living and non-living systems |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves from area o higher water concentration (low solute concentration) to area of lower water concentration (higher solute concentration) |
| Osmosis in the body | diffusion of water across a selectively permeable plasma membrane. |
| Tonicity | the degree to which a solution's solute concentration causes water to move into or out of cells |
| Hypotonic solution | has a lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water |
| Hypertonic solution | has a higher concentration of solutes and lower concentration of water |
| Isotonic solution | solutions have the same concentration of solutes and water |
| How does water diffuse | Water always diffuses from a hypotonic solution into a hypertonic solution |
| Filtration | forces smaller molecules in a solution through a memebrane due to greater hydrostatic pressure on one side |
| Carrier Proteins | Located in the plasma membrane with the ability to bind molecule or ion. Uses energy to change shape and move the molecule/ion from one side of the membrane to the other |
| Endocytosis | engulfment of particles and liquid droplets. Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis |
| Exocytosis | substances are expelled from the cell |
| Cellular Respiration | Process that breaks down nutrients to release energy and transfer some of this energy into ATP. Overall, cellular respiration yields 38 ATP from one glucose molecule |
| Anaerobic Respiration | No oxygen is required, Occurs in the cytoplasm, Uses 1 glucose molecule to produce 2 pyruvic acid molecules and 2 ATP |
| Aerobic Respiration | Requires oxygen, Occurs in mitochondria, Changes 2 pyruvic acid molecules into carbon dioxide, water, and 36 ATP |
| Protein Synthesis | DNA and the genetic codeDNA consists of 2 strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds between organic basesOrganic bases are adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine |
| DNA | Organic bases exhibit complimentary base pairingSequence of bases forms the genetic code |
| Genetics | A gene, the unit of inheritance, is a specific sequence of bases in DNAGenes are responsible forDirecting cell functionsDetermining hereditary traits by controlling protein synthesis |
| RNA | consists of a single strand of nucleotidesThe organic bases are adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanineProduced in the nucleus by using a DNA strand as a templateThree types of RNA are found inside cells |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes in the cytoplasmdictates which protein will be produced by ribosome |
| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | codes for the production of ribosomes |
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) | Carries amino acids to ribosomes where they are joined with other amino acids to form a protein |
| Mitotic Cell Division | Parent cell forms daughter cells with identical chromosomes to the parentProduces new cells for growth and for replacement of worn or damaged cells |
| Meiotic Cell Division | Parent cell forms daughter cells with only half the number of chromosomes |
| The cell cycle – 2 main parts | Mitosis is only 5-10% of the cell cycleInterphase is the time when mitosis is not occurring |
| Interphase | growth and replication of chromosomes and centriolesThe DNA strands “unzip” forming two strands of DNA. New nucleotides join the existing strands through complimentary base pairing |
| Prophase | Chromosomes condense and become rod-shapedEach chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at their centromeresNuclear envelop disappearsCentrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell and form the mitotic spindle |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindleCentromeres of each chromatid pair are attached to the spindle |
| Anaphase | Separation of the centromeres separates the paired chromatidsThen the members of each pair migrate to opposite sides of the cell |
| Telophase | Spindle fibers disappear and nuclear envelops reform, establishing two new nucleiChromosomes uncoilCytokinesis, or division of the cytoplasm, occurs |
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