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UG Basic Terms
Licensure Exam for Mining Engineering
| Answer | Question |
|---|---|
| Back | Refers to the roof, top, and/or overlying surface of an underground excavation |
| Bottom | Refers to the floor and/or underlying surface of an underground excavation |
| Capping | Refers to the waste material overlying the mineral deposit |
| Country Rock | Refers to the waste material adjacent to a mineral deposit |
| Wall Rock | Refers to a country rock adjacent to a deposit |
| Crown Pillar | Refers to a portion of the deposit overlying a surface, and left in place as a pillar |
| Sill Pillar | Refers to a portion of the deposit underlying a surface, and left in place as a pillar |
| Gob | Refers to the broken, caved, mined-out portion of the deposit. It also known as goaf |
| Pillar | Refers to the unmined portion of the deposit and provides support to the roof or the hanging walll |
| Dip | Refers to an angle of inclination which is measured from horizontal. It also known as pitch or attitude |
| Strike | Refers to the horizontal-bearing of a tabular deposit at its surface intersection |
| Hanging Wall | Refers to the wall rock above the deposit |
| Footwall | Refers to the wall rock below the deposit |
| Rib/Rib Pillar | Refers to the side walls of the tunnel |
| Inby | Toward the working face but away from the mine entrance |
| Outby | Toward the mine entrance but away from the working face |
| Underhand | Advancing in downward direction |
| Overhand | Advancing in upward direction |
| Breast | Advancing in near-horizontal direction and also refers to the working face of an opening or mining area where extraction of ore is taking place |
| Lateral Openings | Refers to tertiary horizontal or near-horizontal openings parallel to the ore. They are developed to access the ore from different sections of the mine. |
| Panel Openings | Refers to tertiary openings that are specifically developed tp access a particular section of the orebody. |
| Level Openings | Refers to horizontal or near-horizontal openings driven along a specific level or elevation of the mine |
| Zone Openings | Are tertiary openings developed to access a specific zones or sections within a ore deposit |
| Adit | A main horizontal or near-horizontal underground opening or entrance to a mine with a single access to the surface. |
| Bell | A funnel-shaped excavation formed at the top of the raise to move bulk material by gravity from a stope to a drawpoint. |
| Cone | A funnel-shaped excavation located at the top of the raise; and it is used to collect rocks rocks from the are above. |
| Orepass | A vertical or near vertical opening through which bulk material flows or ore is being transferred by gravity. |
| Entry | A secondary horizontal or near-horizontal opening usually driven in multiples |
| Drift | A primary or secondary horizontal or near-horizontal opening or tunnel oriented parallel to the strike of a deposit, along the mineral vein, and/or it follows direction of the vein. |
| Incline / Incline Shaft | A secondary inclined opening driven upward to connect levels |
| Decline / Decline Shaft | A secondary inclined opening driven downward to connect levels |
| Finger Raise | A vertical or near-vertical opening used to transfer bulk material from a stope to a loadpoint (used for transferring ore). It also refers to the arrangement of an interconnected set of raises. |
| Chute | A loading arrangement or an opening from a drawpoint that utilizes the gravity flow to move bulk material from a bell or an orepass to load a conveyance (moving material from a higher level to a lower level). |
| Portal | A opening or connection to the surface from an underground mine. It also refers to the structure of an immediate entrance to a mine. It is also refers to the mouth of an adit or tunnel. |
| Bleeder | An exhaust ventilation lateral in an underground mine used to control ventilation gases, ensure safe air circulation, and prevent harmful or dangerous gas concentrations. |
| Tunnel | A main horizontal or near horizontal opening with an acess to the surface at both ends. |
| Drawpoint or Box Hole | A loading point beneath a stoping area where ore can be loaded or removed. It utilizes the gravity flow to move bulk material downward and into a conveyance by a chute or loading machine. |
| Crosscut / Breakthrough | A tertiary horizontal opening often connecting drift, entries, and rooms. It is oriented perpendicular to the strike of the deposit. |
| Crosscut / Breakthrough | It is driven at the right angles to the strike of the vein or driven to intersect an ore body |
| Winze | A secondary or tertiary vertical or near-vertical opening driven downward from a higher level to a lower level to access deeper ore bodies and can be sued for drainage. |
| Raise | A secondary or tertiary vertical or near-vertical opening driven downward from a lower level to a higher level to transport ore, waste rock, and personnel. |
| Raise | A horizontal opening driven upward generally along the vein. It is an accessway to a stope. It consists one or two chutes, a manway, and a timberslide. |
| Haulageway | A horizontal opening used primarily for materials handling. |
| Room | A horizontal exploitation opening usually utilized in a bedded deposit. |
| Transfer Point | A location in the materials handling system, either haulage or hoisting, where bulk material is being transferred between conveyances. |
| Loading Point or Loading Pocket | A transfer point at a shaft where bulk material is loaded by bin, hopper, and chute into a skip. |
| Ramp | A secondary or tertiary inclined opening driven to connect levels usually in downward direction and used for haulage. |
| Ramp | A inclined underground tunnel or opening generally driven downward with LHD Equipment or to allow the passage of motorized vehicles. |
| Longwall | A horizontal exploitation opening several hundred feet (meters) in length, usually utilized in a tabular deposit. |
| Manway | A compartment of raise or a vertical or near-vertical opening intended for personnel travel between levels and for communication. |
| Lateral | A secondary or tertiary horizontal opening often parallel or at an angle to a haulage way to provide ventilation or some auxiliary service. |
| Level | A system of horizontal openings which constitutes an opening horizon to a mine. |
| Sublevel | A secondary horizontal opening or an intermediate level between main level or horizon, usually close to a exploitation area, or within a stoping area where it is required for the ore production. |
| Undercut | A low horizontal opening excavated under a portion of the deposit, usually in a stope, to induce breakage and caving of the deposit. |
| Undercut | It refers to a narrow kerf cut in the face of a mineral to facilitate in breakage. |
| Shaft | A primary vertical or near-vertical opening connecting the surface with underground workings. |
| Slope | A primary inclined opening, usually a shaft, connecting the surface from the underground openings. |
| Slot | A narrow vertical or inclined opening excavated in a deposit at the end of the stope to provide a bench face or to open up for further stoping. |
| Stope | A large exploitation opening, usually inclined or vertical (may be horizontal) which is made by removing the ore from the surrounding rock. |
| Stope | It is also refers to any void left when the ore has been removed. |
| Grizzly | A grating, coarse screening or scalping device, usually made of steel bars, beams, and rails, that prevents oversized bulk material from entering to a transfer system. |
| Haulage | Refers to the transportation of ore, waste, and material over large distances that requires the usage of conveyor belts, rail systems, trucks, and etc. |
| Tramming | Refers to the haulage of the broken ore with a truck, train, or LHD from a working place to an orepass. It is more a localized material movement and in shorter distances. |
| Girts | A timber, as a part of square set timber, that braces caps and posts. It is usually place parallel to the vein. |
| Cut | Refers to the volume of an ore body that is mined and filled in one cut and fill mining cycle. |
| Sparging | Refers to the clearing of pipeline and other container by blowing with air and water. |
| Suqare Set | Refers to a prismatic set of timber comprising girts, caps, and posts. |
| Collar | The term applied to the timbering or concrete around the mouth or top of a shaft. It is the beginning point of a shaft or drill hole at the surface. |
| Timberslide | A compartment in raise used for hoisting materials wherein the hoist bucket used generally slides on the footwall. |
| Posts | They are part of a timber set placed vertically to support caps vertically. When they are used individually as roof support in a flatly dipping orebody, they function the same as stulls. |
| Caps | They are part o a timber set which is round or square timber generally greater than 8 inches or 203mm diameter placed perpendicular to the vein for wall and back support. |
| Stulls | They are generally round timbers less than 8 inches or 203 mm in diameter placed perpendicular to the vein for wall support. In flat-dipping deposit, they are the same members to posts. |
| Heading | It is the working face of drift, crosscut, and ramp. |
| Heading | In timber set, it refers to a bundle of wooden boards placed between a cap and the wall rock. |
| Dwidag Bolt | It is a German-made, coarsely threaded rock bolt in which the threads run the full length of the bolt. |
| Concrete Admixture | An additive to a concrete or backfill that modifies the setting time or handling characteristics of the mix. |
| Pugmill | A horizontal bed mixer with a pair of counter-rotating axles that carry multiple paddles. It is also called the paddle-mixed or twin-screw mixer. |
| Slurry; Coarse material, apex; Fine material, vortex | In cyclone, the ________ is fed peripherally near the top end. _________ moves downward on the outside to the ______, and ____________ moves up the center to the _____. |
| Cyclone | A conical-cylindrical device with no moving parts that is used to size or dewater mill tailings. |
| Mucking | Refers to the process of loading and transporting broken ore from where it is excavated to an orepass or haulage vehicle. It generally involves the use of wheel or track-mounted vehicle such as an LHD or an air-powered overshot loader. |
| Slushing | Refers to the process of moving broken ore from where it is excavated to an orepass using a winch-driven, rope-drawn scraper bucket. |
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