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Evolution
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| accumulation of mutations over time | over time, an individual and a population develops more mutations. The greater the number of mutations that makes species different, the further back in time they diverged |
| adaptive radiation | evolution from a common ancestor of many species adapted to diverse environments |
| allele | different forms of a gene |
| allopatric speciation | the formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another |
| analogous structures | body parts that share a common function, but not structure |
| anthropogenic global warming | an increase in global temperature caused specifically by human activities |
| antibiotic resistance | resistance evolving rapidly in many species of prokaryotes due to overuse of antibiotics |
| behavioural isolation | when two populations are capable of interbreeding but have different behaviours such as courtship rituals or feeding |
| biochemical similarity | closely related organisms have similar chemical makeups i.e DNA and Proteins. Used to define species |
| biodiversity | the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem |
| common ancestor | an ancestral species from which later species evolved |
| community | all the different populations that live together in an area |
| comparative genomics | compares genes in different organisms to see how those organisms are related |
| compete for resources | since natural resources are limited, all organisms must compete to gather them |
| convergent evolution | process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments |
| coral bleaching | a phenomenon in which algae inside corals die, causing the corals to turn white |
| cytochrome C | a protein involved in the ETC that is common to all Eukaryotes. Comparing the sequence of Amino acids between species determines relatedness. |
| define species | a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring |
| deforestation | the removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves |
| DNA hybridization | the DNA of two species is mixed and heated to separate strands. When it cools, some of the DNA hybridises. The temperature that it separates again determines how related they are. More closely related species separate at a higher temperature |
| DNA sequencing | determining the exact order of the base pairs in a segment of DNA in order to compare species. A greater number of differences means more distantly related |
| endosymbiotic theory | theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms |
| enhanced greenhouse effect | rising global temperatures due to greenhouse gases being put into the atmosphere because of human activities |
| ethical reasons for maintaining biodiversity | right for all organisms to exist, not being wasteful, right for future generations to enjoy, spiritual and religious reasons |
| evidence for early life | prokaryotic fossils eg stromatolites |
| evidence for endosymbiosis | mitochondria and chlorplasts have double membrane, similar size, enzymes, ribosomes, DNA, undergo binary fission which is all similar to prokaryotes |
| example of a ribozyme | ribosome |
| examples of analogous structures | bird wing and insect wing quills on a sea urchin, hedgehog, and cactus |
| examples of convergent evolution | Sugar glider and Flying Squirrel Bats and Birds Shark and Dolphin |
| examples of species with low genetic diversity | tasmanian devil and cheetah |
| formation of first membranes | occurs spontaneously in nature, lipids naturally form spheres |
| founder effect | change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population |
| gametic isolation | sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species |
| gene flow | exchange of genes between populations |
| gene pool | combined genetic information of all the members of an interbreeding population |
| genetic drift | a change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection |
| geographical barriers | formed by canyons, mountain ranges, bodies of water, deserts, and other features organisms can't cross |
| greenhouse gasses | carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide |
| habitat destruction | the loss of a natural habitat |
| hexaploid | a cell having six chromosome sets or an organism composed of such cells |
| how RNA may have replicated | cycles of heating and cooling in the environment: When cool, free bases could bind to make a new strand, when hot the strands would separate. Could have happened near volcanic vents. |
| human-centred reasons for maintaining biodiversity | food, fibres, structural material, medicines |
| hybrid inviability | a postzygotic barrier in which hybrid zygotes fail to develop or to reach sexual maturity |
| hybrid sterility | hybrid offspring mature but are sterile as adults |
| industrial melanism | replacement of a light variety by a dark in an industrialized area |
| large gene pool | has a large genetic diversity which makes it more likely to survive change |
| life has existed for | more than 3.5 billion years |
| mechanical isolation | morphological (shape) differences prevent successful mating |
| microplastics | small plastic particles posing negative consequences to marine environments and wildlife. they log up digestive tract and carry other toxins. |
| migration and competition | results from global warming causing populations to mover where it is cooler |
| morphological similarity | another way to classify animals into species based on appearance, most useful with fossils where DNA evidence or evidence of breeding is impossible |
| mutation | a random error in gene replication that leads to a permanent change in DNA, the ultimate source of variation |
| natural selection | a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits |
| offspring | product of reproduction, a new organism produced by one or more parents |
| organelles that came about by endosymbiosis | mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| overproduction | organisms produce more offspring than can survive |
| peppered moth | originally, the majority of these moths were light-colored, due to natural selection and then when the trees turned black due to the Industrial Revolution in England, the black colored moths came into the majority because of natural selection |
| phylogenetic tree | a family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms |
| phylogenetic tree - closely related | the branches of the populations of species have a common ancestor node that is close. E.g. Humans and Chimps |
| phylogenetic tree - distantly related | The branches of the populations of species have a common ancestor that is far back. e.g Humans and Octopus |
| phylogenetic tree branch | a line representing a population through time |
| phylogenetic tree node | branching point. Point at which 2 species diverge from each other. Represents common ancestor |
| pollution | release of harmful materials into the environment |
| polyploidy | condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes, a way that sympatric speciation can occur in plants |
| population bottleneck | a period during which only a few individuals of a normally large population survive. |
| post-zygotic barriers | prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult |
| pre-zygotic barriers | pre-zygotic barriers are barriers that prevent fertilization, which could be geographic or behavioral differences, such as if two species reproduce at different times of the year, which is known as temporal isolation |
| primary succession | an ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic community previously existed, there is no soil, eg lava fields |
| protocells | an abiotic precursor of a living cell that had a membrane-like structure and that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of its surroundings |
| reproductive barriers | serve to isolate the gene pools of species and prevent interbreeding |
| reproductive isolation | separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
| ribozymes | RNA molecules that function as enzymes |
| ring species | populations that can interbreed with neighboring populations but not with populations separated by larger geographical distances |
| RNA world hypothesis | hypothesis that describes how the Earth may have been filled with RNA-based life before it became filled with the DNA-based life we see today. |
| secondary succession | succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil eg, fire, flood, storm, human activity |
| selection pressure | the environmental factors that favour certain phenotypes (traits) |
| sequencing of common proteins | allows for comparison to determine how closely related two species are |
| sharing a common gene pool | another way to define species. Allows for ring species to be counted as a single species even though not every population could breed with another |
| source of Nitrous oxide | fertilizers |
| sources of Carbon dioxide | burning Fossil Fuels |
| sources of Methane | rice paddies, sheep and cows |
| sources of variation in sexual reproduction | crossing over, independent assortment, random fertilisation |
| sympatric speciation | the formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area |
| temporal isolation | form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times |
| total non-disjunction | when a full set of chromosomes does not separate during meiosis, can lead to polyploidy |
| variation | any difference between individuals of the same species |
| biotic | living |
| abiotic | non living |
Created by:
justineforrest
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