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micro final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell Theory | Cell is smallest Form of life all life forms composed of one or more cells all cells come from preexisting cells |
| Faculative Organism | Bacteria that can grow with , or without , oxygen |
| Kochs Postulates | criteria to establish the causative agent of a specific disease. components that are nonliving chemical and physical factors in the environment. |
| abiotic Factors | components that are nonliving chemical and physical factors in the environment. |
| Acetogenic Bacterium | a group of anaerobic bacteria that produce acetate through a biological reaction called acetogenesis. Acetogens are facultative autotrophs that can grow by oxidizing a variety of organic and inorganic substrates |
| Acidophile | (grow best at pH below 5.5), |
| Actinomycete | are a versatile group of microbes that are well known for their ability to produce antibiotic compounds and other important metabolites. |
| Adjuvant | a substance that enhances the body's immune response to an antigen. |
| Archaea | are a group of single-celled microorganisms, similar to bacteria because they are also prokaryotes, but evolutionarily different. Many are characterized by their preference to live in extreme environments such as hot springs, glaciers, or highly salty env |
| Alkalophilic | (grow best at pH above 8.5). |
| Agglutinates | Clumping of red blood cells |
| Ames Test | a biological assay that uses bacteria to determine if a chemical can cause DNA mutations in the test organism |
| Amnesalism(antagonism) | a biological interaction between two different species where one species is harmed or killed by the other, while the other species is unaffected or not harmed |
| A Strepotococci | Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a type of bacteria that can be found in the nose, throat, and on the skin. GAS can cause a range of infections, from mild to severe, and even life-threatening. |
| Anthrax | a serious bacterial disease of sheep and cattle, causing acute and often fatal septicemia, and also transmissible to humans. spores or cells of the bacterium that causes anthrax. |
| Acidophile | are extremophiles that grow below pH 7, and thrive under highly acidic environments where pH is 5 or even below (optimum pH 3–4) |
| Antibody | a protein molecule produced in response to an antigen. |
| Antigen | any agent that is capable of inducing a specific immune response. |
| Artificial Passive Immunity | Natural immunity occurs through contact with a disease causing agent, when the contact was not deliberate, where as artificial immunity develops only through deliberate actions of exposure |
| Artificial Natural Immunity | Natural immunity occurs through contact with a disease causing agent, when the contact was not deliberate, where as artificial immunity develops only through deliberate actions of exposure |
| Bubonic Plague | bacterial pathogen Yersinia pestis |
| Benefits of using EMB agar | Eosin methylene blue |
| B cells vs. T cells | B cells-Produce antibodies that bind to and neutralize pathogens and foreign substances, such as toxins. For example, an antibody can bind to a virus to prevent it from entering a cell and causing infection. B cells can also recruit other cells to help de |
| CD4 T-cells And Lymphocytes | CD4 T lymphocytes or "helper T cells." That's because they help fight infection by triggering your immune system to destroy viruses, bacteria, and other germs that may make you sick |
| Cyanobacteria | a division of microorganisms that are related to the bacteria but are capable of photosynthesis. They are prokaryotic and represent the earliest known form of life on the earth. |
| Campylobactor Gastroentiritis Aflatoxin | a group of poisonous, carcinogenic, and mutagenic toxins produced by certain molds, mainly Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. |
| Chlorea | a severe diarrheal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae that can be found in contaminated food or water. It's a global health threat that affects both children and adults, and can kill within hours. |
| Chlamydia | a bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It's the most common STI globally and the most commonly reported bacterial infection in the United States. |
| Compliment Fixation Test | bodily defense reaction and immune response that occurs when an antigen-antibody combination inactivates a complement |
| Embryonic Cell vs Stem Cell | The tissue-specific stem cells, or adult stem cells, replenish tissues throughout our lives. Embryonic stem cells exist only briefly in early development before tissues begin to form |
| Interleukins | describes the chemicals that function as mediators between the white blood cells (inter + leukocytes). |
| Inactivated vaccine | also known as whole killed virus (WKV) vaccines, are made from a killed or inactivated version of a virus or bacteria that causes a disease. The inactivated pathogen is strong enough to trigger an immune response, but it can't replicate or cause disease. |
| Interstitial cells vs. Adhesive bodies | interstitial=Structural Adhesive -Glue |
| Episome | a unit of genetic material composed of a series of genes, such as a plasmid; it is capable of integrating itself into the chromosomal DNA of the organism and can be duplicated with every cell division. |
| Epitope | the smallest part of an antigen molecule that can bind with an antibody; also called an antigenic determinant. |
| Enteric Bacteria | are bacteria that typically exist in the intestines of animals and humans. |
| Extremeophiles | whose natural growth environment is at the vent holes at the bottom of the ocean, |
| Diptheria | caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which produces toxins that cause inflammation of the nose, throat, and windpipe. |
| Lichen | Lichen: an organism consisting of fungus combined with algae or cyanobacteria, living in a symbiotic relationship. |
| Lancefield Group testing Ammonification vs. Nitrogen fixation | a serological method that classifies streptococci into 20 groups based on the composition of antigens in their cell walls. |
| LAAB lactic acid bacteria | a group of gram-positive bacteria that ferment sugars to produce lactic acid and are important in the production of fermented foods |
| Live attenuated vaccine | a vaccine that contains a living pathogen, such as a virus or bacterium, that has been altered to be less virulent or avirulent. |
| Lentivirus -hiv penicillin | any of a group of retroviruses producing illnesses characterized by a delay in the onset of symptoms after infection. |
| Gonnorhea | a sexually transmitted infection, also called a sexually transmitted disease, caused by bacteria. Sexually transmitted diseases are infections spread mainly by contact with genitals or bodily fluids. |
| G Fever | Glandular fever is a type of viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. Learn about glandular fever symptoms and treatments. |
| ADCC-antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity | a type of immune reaction that occurs when white blood cells kill a target cell or microbe that has been coated with antibodies. The white blood cells bind to the antibodies and release substances that destroy the target cell |
| Gonorrhoeae | a preventable and curable sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which is primarily transmitted through vaginal, oral or anal sex. In 2020 there were an estimated 82.4 million new infections among adults globa |
| Haemophilus Influenza | a type of bacteria that can cause several different kinds of infections. These bacterial infections can range from mild, such as ear infections, to severe, such as bloodstream infections. The infections typically affect children younger than 5 years old. |
| Pediculus Humanus | Body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus, sometimes called Pediculus humanus corporis) usually infest people who live in unhygienic, crowded conditions and are unable to bathe or change clothes regularly. |
| Pathogens | a three-dimensional view of how disease and the environment interact. |
| PABA | a substrate used to synthesize folic acid, a vitamin, in many bacterial species, as well as in plants and yeasts. The drug sulfanilamide can treat some bacterial diseases by preventing bacteria from using PABA in this process. |
| Pathosome | a three-dimensional view of how disease and the environment interact. |
| Psychrotrophs Thermophiles | both classifications of microorganisms based on their optimal growth temperature, but they exist at opposite ends of the spectrum: |
| Proteomic Analysis | the systematic study of the proteins in a biological system at a specific time. |
| Methanobrevibactor Oralis | is a methanogenic archaeon species considered to be a member of the human microbiota, mainly associated to the oral cavity |
| Mono Nucleosis | also known as mono or glandular fever, is a contagious viral infection that's usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) |
| Mycotoxin | naturally occurring toxins produced by certain molds, or fungi, under specific conditions. They can be found in food products like cereals, nuts, spices, dried fruits, apples, and coffee beans, as well as in indoor environments where molds grow in damp ar |
| MRSA | methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium with antibiotic resistance. |
| MHC1 vs MHC2 | There are two types of MHC: MHC-1 and MHC-2. MHC I displays endogenous antigens, or antigens from within the cell, while MHC II displays exogenous antigens, or antigens from outside the cell |
| Nitrogen Fixation | the process of converting nitrogen from its molecular form in the atmosphere into compounds that are useful for other biochemical processes. I |
| Neisseria | Gram-negative cocci, 0.6 to 1.0 μm in diameter. The organisms are usually seen in pairs with the adjacent sides flattened. Pili, hairlike filamentous appendages extend several micrometers from the cell surface and have a role in adherence. |
| Natural Passive Immunity | a type of immunity that occurs when a person receives antibodies from another source, rather than producing them through their own immune system |
| Natural Active Immunity | a type of active immunity that occurs when the body's immune system is triggered to produce antibodies after exposure to a disease organism. |
| Narrow vs Broad activity spectrums (antibiotics ) | Narrow-Target a limited number of bacteria strains or groups. They are more specific and have a more limited effect on non-disease causing bacteria. Broad-Target a wide range of bacteria, including both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria |
| Tuberculosis TB | a bacterial infection that can affect many parts of the body, but most often affects the lungs. |
| Toxoid vaccine | use inactivated toxins from bacteria to create immunity to the parts of the germ that cause disease, rather than the germ itself. The goal of toxoid vaccines is to teach the body to neutralize toxins with antibodies through vaccination. This helps preven |
| Type 1 and Type 2 hypersensitivities | Type 1-Also known as an immediate reaction, this type of reaction is mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. Type 2-Also known as a cytotoxic reaction, this type of reaction is mediated by immunoglobulin G (IgG) or immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodie |
| Transductive transformation | In transformation, a bacterium takes up a piece of DNA floating in its environment. In transduction, DNA is accidentally moved from one bacterium to another by a virus. |
| Transgenic transformation | also referred to as transgenesis, is the process of introducing a foreign gene (called a transgene) into an organism's genome, thereby creating a transgenic organism |
| TH1 vs TH2 t cells | Th1 cells mainly develop following infections by intracellular bacteria and some viruses, whereas Th2 cells predominate in response to infestations by gastrointestinal nematodes. |
| Trachomatis | Bacterium which causes Chlamydia |
| Staphylococcus | Gram-positive cocci about 0.5 – 1.0 μm in diameter. They grow in clusters, pairs and occasionally in short chains. The clusters arise because staphylococci divide in two planes. |
| Spontaneous Generation | a now-discredited scientific theory that living organisms can develop from nonliving matter. |
| Sepsis | also known as septicemia, is a life-threatening medical emergency that occurs when the body has an extreme response to an infection |
| Subunit vaccine | a vaccine that contains purified parts of the pathogen that are antigenic, or necessary to elicit a protective immune response. |
| Synthetic vs semisynthetic vaccines | Synthetic vaccines allow for more control over the chemical structure, while semisynthetic vaccines can be more variable due to protein conjugation and external adjuvants. |
| Protemic analysis | the systematic study of the proteins in a biological system at a specific time. The goal is to identify and quantify the entire set of proteins, or proteome, in a cell, tissue, organ, biological fluid, or organism. |
| Pediculus Humanis | Body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus, sometimes called Pediculus humanus corporis) usually infest people who live in unhygienic, crowded conditions and are unable to bathe or change clothes regularly. |
| Phagosome | a membrane-bound vesicle formed within a cell during the process of phagocytosis when a phagocyte engulfs a particle, such as a bacterium or a dead cell, by invaginating its plasma membrane around it. |
| Hapten | a low molecular weight compound that is not immunogenic by itself but when coupled to a carrier can elicit anti-hapten antibodies ( |
| Operons | a unit made up of linked genes which is thought to regulate other genes responsible for protein synthesis. |
| Hepatiis Virus HAV HDV HBV HEV | A-(HAV) is a contagious virus that causes hepatitis A, a liver infection that can range from mild to severe B-The infection can be acute (short and severe) or chronic (long term). Hepatitis B can cause a chronic infection and puts people at high risk of |
| Streptomyecin | the first discovered aminoglycoside antibiotic, originally isolated from the bacteria Streptomyces griseus. It is now primarily used as part of the multi-drug treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. It has additional activity against several aerobic gram-neg |
| Whooping Cough | also known as pertussis, is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. It's most common in babies under 6 months old and children ages 11 to 18, but can affect people of all ages |
Created by:
NeilWardBSN
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