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Nursing concepts

TermDefinition
Extrapyramidal symptoms Tremors Drooling Shuffling gait
Anticholinergic effects Photophobia Dry mouth Constipation
Central Nervous System Effects: nursing actions Implement seizure precautions for CNS stimulation, EPS
Anticholinergic Effects Result from muscarinic receptor blockade and affect the eyes, smooth muscle tone, exocrine glands, and heart
Anticholinergic effects: Nursing actions sip fluids to relieve dry mouth wear sunglasses outdoors to reduce photophobia. urinate before taking the medication to lessen urinary retention. increase dietary fiber and exercise
Cardiovascular Effects -Involve blood vessels and the heart. -Antihypertensives can cause orthostatic hypotension, beta blockers and calcium channel blockers can cause bradycardia and hypotension.
Cardiovascular effects: nursing actions -To relieve and reduce the risk for postural hypotension (lightheadedness, dizziness), instruct clients to sit or lie down and to get up and change positions slowly. -Check blood pressure and/or heart rate prior to administration.
Gastrointestinal Effects -From local irritation of the gastrointestinal (Gl) tract, stimulation of the vomiting center, or stimulation or slowing of bowel motility
Gastrointestinal Effects: nursing actions • Many medications (NSAIDs) cause Gl distress. • take the medication with food, unless contraindicated, and to notify the provider if consistent Gl effects. • Encourage clients to increase fluid and fiber intake to reduce constipation.
Hematologic Effects -Relatively common and potentially life-threatening
Hematologic Effects: nursing actions • Bone marrow depression can result from anticancer medications and hemorrhagic disorders from anticoagulants and thrombolytics. •clients taking an anticoagulant to report bruising, discolored urine or stool, petechiae, and bleeding gums immediately
Hepatotoxicity metabolism usually takes place in the liver, the liver will be vulnerable to med-induced injury. Damage to liver cells can impair meds metabolism, cause accumulation in the body or alter results of LFT with no obvious manifestations of liver dystunction.
Hepatotoxicity: nursing actions -When combining two or more meds that are hepatotoxic, risk for liver damage increases. -Liver function tests are essential when a client starts taking a hepatotoxic medication and periodically thereafter.
Hepatotoxicity: nursing actions Monitor client for abdominal pain, jaundice, dark urine, and fatigue
Nephrotoxicity • Primarily the result of antimicrobial agents and NSAIDS. • Impaired kidney function can interfere with medication excretion, leading to accumulation and adverse effects.
Nephrotoxicity: nursing actions • Aminoglycosides can cause kidney damage. • Monitor blood creatinine and BUN levels of clients taking nephrotoxic medications.
Toxicity Severe and potentially life-threatening effects from excessive dosing, but can also occur at therapeutic dose levels.
Toxicity: nursing actions • An excess of acetaminophen can result in hepatotoxicity, which can lead to liver damage. • The antidote acetylcysteine minimizes liver damage due to acetaminophen toxicity.
Toxicity: nursing actions • There is a greater risk of toxicity and liver damage with chronic alcohol use • Liver damage from disease states can delay or prevent medication metabolism
Hypersensitivity/Allergies • An overactive immune response to the presence of a foreign protein or allergen • Four types: rapid hypersensitivity reactions, cytotoxic reactions, immune complex reactions, delayed hypersensitivity reactions
Rapid Hypersensitivity Rapid or immediate hypersensitivity (atopic allergy) occurs following inhalation, ingestion, injection, or direct contact with an allergen. It includes allergies to substances (iodine, latex, venom, nuts, and medications).
Rapid hypersensitivity • results in acute inflammation, histamine release, and vasoactive amines release (basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells) · can include superficial responses (hay fever, rhinosinusitis), and allergic asthma, anaphylaxis, and angioedema.
Angioedema -Swelling of the lips, face, and neck-but can affect other parts of the body (the GI system). -Onset can be within the first 24 hr following dosing or can develop after long-term exposure. NSAIDs and ACE inhibitors are the most common causes
Anaphylaxis is a rapid systemic reaction following an allergic response to an allergen. Common sources are medications, dyes, foods, and insect bites and stings.
Anaphylaxis Gl cramping, itching and hives following, progressing to angioedema and large, itchy hives. -lung crackles, wheezing, decreased breath sounds, hoarseness, and stridor. The client can develop respiratory failure and death.
Anaphylaxis • Cardiovascular manifestations include weak, thready pulse, tachycardia, and hypotension. • Allergic asthma can have a similar progression following exposure to an allergen and can become life-threatening
Created by: Snmartin1
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