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Biol 1406 Ch. 12
Mitosis and the Cell Cycle
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Animal cells carry out cytokinesis by _ , and plant cells form a _ | Cleavage; cell plate |
| Malignant tumors | invade nearby tissues and can undergo metastasis, exporting cancer cells to other sites, where they may form secondary tumors |
| Asexual reproduction | produces offspring that are identical to the original cell or organism and involves inheritance of all genes from one parent. |
| Sexual reproduction | produces offspring that are similar to the parents, but show variations in traits involves inheritance of unique sets of genes from two parents. |
| Prokaryotes reproduce through | binary fission (dividing in half) |
| 3 stages of binary fission | duplication of the chromosome and separation of the copies continued elongation of the cell and movement of the copies division into two daughter cells |
| Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of _ consisting of _ | chromatin; one long DNA molecule and proteins that help maintain the chromosome structure and control the activity of its genes |
| To prepare for division, the chromatin becomes | highly compact and visible with a microscope |
| Before a eukaryotic cell begins to divide, it _ , resulting in _ | duplicates all of its chromosomes; two copies called sister chromatids joined together by a narrowed “waist” called the centromere |
| The sister chromatids are joined together by a _ | narrowed “waist” called the centromere |
| When a cell divides, the sister chromatids _ | separate and are now called chromosomes, and are sorted into separate daughter cells |
| The two big stages of the cell cycle are | Interphase and Miotic phase |
| Interphase is made up of | G1—growth, increase in cytoplasm S—duplication of chromosomes G2—growth, preparation for division |
| Miotic phase | Mitosis—division of the nucleus Cytokinesis—division of cytoplasm |
| Stages of Mitosis | Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase (often overlapped with cytokinesis) |
| Interphase | The cytoplasmic contents double, two centrosomes form chromosomes duplicate in the nucleus during the S phase nucleoli become visible |
| Prophase | In the cytoplasm microtubules begin to emerge from centrosomes, forming the spindle In the nucleus chromosomes coil and become compact nucleoli disappear |
| Prometaphase | Spindle microtubules reach chromosomes where they attach at kinetochores on the centromeres of sister chromatids move chromosomes to the center of the cell Other microtubules meet those from the opposite poles nuclear envelope disappears |
| Metaphase | Mitotic spindle is fully formed Chromosomes align at the cell equator Kinetochores of sister chromatids face the opposite poles of the spindle |
| Anaphase | Sister chromatids separate at centromeres Daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell motor proteins move chromosomes along the spindle microtubules kinetochore microtubules shorten Cell elongates non-kinetochore microtubules |
| Telophase | Cell continues to elongate Nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes at each pole, establishing daughter nuclei Chromatin uncoils and nucleoli reappear Spindle disappears |
| cytokinesis | cytoplasm is divided into separate cells; process differs between plant and animal cells |
| Cell division is controlled by | the presence of essential nutrients, growth factors, proteins that stimulate division density-dependent inhibition, in which crowded cells stop dividing anchorage dependence, the need for cells to be in contact with a solid surface to divide |
| mitosis produces genetically identical cells for | growth replacement of damaged and lost cells asexual reproduction |
| cell division allows for | growth replacement of damaged cells development from an embryo into an adult |
| In sexually reproducing organisms, eggs and sperm result from | mitosis and meiosis |
| mitotic spindle | controls chromosome movement during mitosis |
| DNA replication produces two identical DNA molecules, called _ , which separate during mitosis | sister chromatids |
| After chromosomes condense, the _ is the region where the identical DNA molecules are most tightly attached to each other | centromere |
| During mitosis, microtubules attach to chromosomes at the | kinetochore |
| In dividing cells, most of the cell's growth occurs | during interphase |
| cell structure consisting of microtubules, which forms during early mitosis and plays a role in cell division | mitotic spindles |
| During interphase, most of the nucleus is filled with a complex of DNA and protein in a dispersed form called | chromatin |
| In most eukaryotes, division of the nucleus is followed by _, when the rest of the cell divides | cytokinesis |
| _ are the organizing centers for microtubules involved in separating chromosomes during mitosis | centrosomes |
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