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Bio 1406 Ch. 9-10
Cellular Respiration and photosynthesis
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| How do plants and animals rely on each other for their energy needs? | The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration; and the products of cellular respiration are the reactants for photosynthesis (minus sunlight) |
| Define a redox reaction: | A reaction that has a transfer of electrons, with one molecule being oxidized (losing electrons), and the other being reduced (gaining electrons) |
| What is oxidation? | Loss of one or more electrons |
| What is reduction? | Gain of one or more reactions |
| What are the relevant redox reactions in cellular respiration? | Glucose -oxidized-> carbon dioxide Oxygen -reduced-> H2O Pyruvate -oxidized-> citrate |
| What are the relevant redox reactions in photosynthesis? | CO2 -reduced-> glucose H2O -oxidized-> oxygen (O2) |
| Redox PS | CRG HOO |
| Redox CR | GOC ORH POC |
| Starting material of cellular respiration | glucose |
| Final electron acceptor | oxygen |
| Electron carriers | NAD+ and FADH2 |
| 3 steps of cellular respiration | Glycolysis Krebs/citric acid cycle Electron transport chain/Oxidative phosphorylation |
| Starting material of glycolysis | glucose, which is oxidized |
| Final product of glycolysis | Pyruvate, which is reduced into citrate |
| Net transactions of glycolysis | 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate |
| substrate-level phosphorylation | used in glycolysis |
| Electron carrier used in glycolysis | NAD+ |
| Complete output for glycolysis | 2 ATP, 2 pyruvates, 4 NADH |
| Pyruvate generated in glycolysis travels into the mitochondria and is converted into | Citrate |
| Is pyruvate oxidized or reduced | Oxidized |
| A complete turn of the CAC produces | 1 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP (Per Pyruvate) Doubled total: 2 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP |
| What is the ETC and where is it located? | The main producer of ATP located in the intermembrane space in the mitochondria |
| Which molecules donate electrons to the ETC? | NADH and FADH2 |
| When are redox reactions occurring in the ETC? | When NADH and FADH2 are giving electrons to the ETC |
| Substrates of ATP synthase | ADP, Pi, hydrogen ions (?) |
| Products of ATP synthase | ATP, H2O (?) |
| ATP synthase is powered by | The hydrogen ions pulled through due to the electrochemical gradient in the mitochondria |
| When is fermentation utilized? | When there is not enough oxygen to move past glycolysis to the Krebs cycle or the ETC |
| Which step of cellular respiration is still used in fermentation? | Glycolysis |
| The process of fermentation is used to regenerate what compound that is necessary for the organism’s energy generation? | NAD+ |
| Alcohol fermentation reduces pyruvate to what compound? | Lactic acid |
| Lactic acid fermentation reduces pyruvate to what compound? How do humans rely on lactic acid fermentation? | Lactate Human use ex: builds up in muscles when exercising |
| Where do autotrophs get their organic compounds and carbon? | From CO2 and H2O |
| Where do heterotrophs get their organic compounds and carbon? | From glucose and oxygen |
| Overall chemical reaction for Photosynthesis | CO2 + H2O + SUNLIGHT --> C6H12O6 + O2 |
| Reactants of photosynthesis | CO2 + H2O + sunlight |
| Products of photosynthesis | Glucose + O2 |
| In photosynthesis, _ is oxidized to _, and _ is reduced to _ | H2O -ox-> O2 CO2 -rd-> glucose |
| In cellular respiration, _ is oxidized to _, and _ is reduced to _ | Glucose -ox-> CO2 O2 -rd-> H2O |
| Stages of photosynthesis | Light dependent and Calvin cycle/Light independent reactions |
| What compounds link the two stages together? | ATP and NADPH |
| In the Calvin cycle | carbon atoms from CO2 are fixed (incorporated into organic molecules) and used to build three-carbon sugars. This process is fueled by, and dependent on, ATP and NADPH from the light reactions. |
| The Calvin cycle takes place | in the stroma |
| What is the electron donor in photosynthesis | H2O |
| What is the electron carrier in photosynthesis | NADPH |
| What is the final electron acceptor in photosynthesis | Oxygen |
| What stage synthesizes ATP in photosynthesis | Light reactions |
| What stage consumes the ATP in photosynthesis | Calvin cycle/light independent reactions |
| The Calvin Cycle is an anabolic process used to generate what compound | glucose |
| What is the carbon source for the Calvin cycle | Carbon Dioxide (CO2) |
| What energetic products are produced in the light reactions of PS and consumed in the Calvin Cycle? | ATP and NADH |
| What is feedback inhibition? | When the product of a reaction limits the enzyme that triggered the reaction |
| What is allosteric regulation? | When the shape of the active site is changed from the allosteric site to prevent the enzyme from bonding |
| Why is it important for enzymes to be regulated? | To prevent the over-production of materials, which could lead to an imbalance in the system |
| Do enzymes alter ΔG for a reaction? | No |
| Are enzymes altered by the reaction? | No |
| What is an enzyme? What type of macromolecule is it? | Enzymes are biological catalysts (that are usually proteins) that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy of chemical reactions |
| Function of photosystem II | Photosystem II creates ATP by energizing electrons with light and moving them through the ETC |
| Function of photosystem I |
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