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Biol 1406 ch. 8
Introduction to Metabolism
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Metabolism | totality of an organism’s chemical reactions; manages the material and energy resources of the cell |
| Enzyme | macromolecule that speeds up a chemical reaction |
| Catabolic pathways | pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds |
| Anabolic pathways | pathways that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones |
| Ex of catabolic pathway | cellular respiration, which breaks down glucose and other organic fuels in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide and water |
| Energy stored in the organic molecules becomes available to do | cellular work |
| Ex of anabolic pathway | synthesis of an amino acid from simpler molecules and synthesis of a protein from amino acids |
| Bioenergetics | study of how energy flows through living organisms |
| Energy | the capacity to cause change/rearrange a collection of matter |
| Potential energy | energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure |
| Kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| Thermal energy | kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules |
| Thermal energy in transfer from one object to another is | called heat |
| Chemical energy | the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction |
| complex molecules are (high/low )in _ | high in chemical energy |
| Thermodynamics | study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter |
| In an open system, energy and matter can be | transferred between the system and its surroundings |
| First law of thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed; only transferred and transformed |
| During transfer, most energy is lost | as heat |
| A system can only put thermal energy to work when | there is a temperature difference that results in thermal energy flowing as heat from a warmer location to a cooler one |
| If temperature is uniform; | the heat generated during a chemical reaction will simply warm a body of matter |
| Disorder | how dispersed the energy is in a system and how many different energy levels are present |
| Measure of molecular disorder | entropy |
| Second law of thermodynamics | Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe |
| Spontaneous process | a process that is energetically favorable |
| A process that will lead to an inc in entropy will | not require energy |
| Nonspontaneous | process that on its own will lead to a decrease in entropy; requires energy to work |
| Free energy | portion of a system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system |
| Change in free energy formula | change in enthalpy - change in entropy x temp in Kelvin (K) |
| G | Free energy |
| H | enthalpy |
| S | entropy |
| If G is negative, | it's a spontaneous/energetically favorable process |
| Processes that have a positive or zero G are | never spontaneous |
| Endergonic | reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings |
| Exergonic reaction | spontaneous chemical reaction where there's a net release of free energy |
| As long as it's alive, organisms are | never at equilibrium |
| Three main kinds of work done by a cell | Chemical work Transport work Mechanical work |
| Energy coupling | the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one |
| _ is responsible for mediating most energy coupling in cells and acting as the immediate source of energy that powers cellular work | ATP |
| ATP contains | the sugar ribose, with the nitrogenous base adenine and a chain of three phosphate groups |
| The bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP can be broken by | hydrolysis |
| All three phosphate groups in ATP are _ | negatively charged |
| Allosteric regulation | any case in which a protein’s function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site; may result in either inhibition or stimulation of an enzyme’s activity |
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