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Biol 1406 ch. 6
A tour of the cell
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chloroplasts convert | light energy into chemical energy |
| Mitochondria breaks down | molecules, generating ATP |
| The mitochondria makes | ATP |
| The plasma membrane | selective barrier that allows just enough oxygen, nutrients, and waste to go in or out to serve the entire cell |
| Ribosomes are the site of | protein synthesis |
| Plant cells have a protective | cell wall |
| Microscopes were invented in _ and further refined in the | 1590; 1600s |
| Cell walls were first seen on oak bark by | Robert Hooke in 1665 |
| Living cells were first seen by | Antoni van Leeuwenhoek |
| Light microscopes can magnify up to about | 1000x the actual size of the specimen |
| Organelles | Membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells |
| Cytology | study of cell structure |
| Biochemistry | study of the chemical processes/metabolism of cells |
| Cell fractionation | process that splits cells into their major organelles and subcellular structures |
| Centrifuge | device that breaks down cells into their organelles through high-speed spinning |
| Organelles found in both plant and animal cells | nucleus endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus mitochondria |
| Prokaryote cells | lack nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles |
| Ribosome function | protein synthesis |
| Nucleus function | Contains chromosomes and nucleoli |
| Nucleoli is where | ribosomal subunits are produced |
| Chromosomes are made of _, which are made of _ | chromatin; DNA and proteins |
| Golgi apparatus structure | flattened membranous sacs called cisternae |
| Golgi apparatus function | products of the ER are modified, stored, and sent to other destinations manufactures macromolecules |
| Lysosome function | digests macromolecules Autophagy (recycling the cell's own organic material) |
| Lysosome structure | membraneous sac of hydrolytic enzymes |
| Mitochondria structure | Surrounded by two membranes and containing ribosomes looks like an orange bean with squiggles in it |
| Mitochondria function | sites of cellular respiration (where oxygen is used to generate ATP by extracting energy from sugars/fats/other fuels |
| Chloroplast function | Sites of photosynthesis; where solar energy is converted into chemical energy and making sugar from CO2 and H2O |
| Chloroplast structure | Surrounded by two membranes and containing ribosomes looks like a green pea with squiggles in it |
| Peroxisome function | Membrane-bound metabolic compartment that specializes in making H2O2 and converting it to water |
| Peroxisome structure | |
| Plant cell walls are made of | cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and proteins |
| Surface to volume ratio | an important parameter affecting cell size and shape |
| Chloroplasts are only present in cells that | photosynthesize |
| Prokaryotic cells are in the domains | Archaea and bacteria |
| Eukaryotic cells are all in the domain | Eukarya |
| Organism types in the domain Eukarya | Plants Animals Fungi Protists |
| All cells are | bound by a selective barrier (cell/plasma membrane) Have organelles suspended in cytosol Contain chromosomes and ribosomes |
| Chromosome function | carry genes in the form of DNA |
| In a prokaryotic cell, most DNA is in the | nucleoid; which is not membrane-enclosed |
| Microvilli | long thin projections from cells that increase surface area without much increase in volume |
| Nuclear envelope | double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm |
| Nucleolus function | where rRNA (ribosomal) is made from DNA ribosomes are made from proteins |
| Ribosomes are not considered _ because they are not _ | organelles; membrane-bound |
| Free ribosomes are | suspended in cytosol |
| Bound ribosomes are | attached to the outside of the ER or nuclear envelope and |
| Free ribosomes make proteins that | function within the cytosol; ex: enzymes |
| Bound ribosomes make proteins that are | inserted into membranes, used for packaging, or exported from the cell |
| The endomembrane system includes | the nuclear envelope ER Golgi apparatus lysosomes vesicles and vacuoles plasma membrane |
| Endomembrane system functions | protein synthesis and transport metabolism movement of lipids detoxification of poisons |
| Vesicles | a membrane-bound sac |
| Endoplasmic reticulum structure | extensive network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae |
| Endoplasmic reticulum function | separates the internal compartment of ER (cisternae) from the cytosol |
| Smooth ER | lacks ribosomes Functions include synthesis of lipids; including oils, steroids, and new membrane phospholipids metabolism of carbohydrates detoxification of drugs and poisons storage of calcium ions |
| Rough ER | Ribosomes attached to the ER creation of secretory proteins grows membranes by adding membranes and phospholipids to its own membrane |
| Detoxification usually involves | adding hydroxyl groups to drug molecules, making them more water-soluble and thus easier to flush out of the body Can result in eventual tolerance to target and related drugs |
| The two sides of a Golgi stack are called | the cis (same) and trans (opposite) sides |
| Phagocytosis | When unicellular protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles |
| Endosymbiont theory | theory that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a non-photosynthesizing prokaryote cell; eventually evolving into a eukaryotic cell with the prokaryote becoming a mitochondria |
| Nucleosome | basic unit of DNA packaging found in the chromosome |
| Histones | proteins responsible for the |
| gap junctions | communicating junctions in animals |
| Tight junctions | form seals around cells that establish a barrier that prevents leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells |
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