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Biol 1406 Ch.5
Structure and function of macromolecules
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 4 Major macromolecules | Carbohydrates Lipids Amino acids Proteins |
| Polymers | Chain of repeating small pieces that are similar in structure |
| Macromolecules are made of _ that are made of _ | Polymers; monomers |
| Carbohydrates are | Sugars and the polymers of sugars |
| Lipids are | not true macromolecules don't have any polymer like the other classes |
| Amino acids are | organic molecule with both an amino group and a carboxyl group |
| Functions of carbohydrates | Major fuel for cells raw material for the synthesis of other molecules |
| Function of fats | Energy storage |
| Functions of amino acids | Make up proteins |
| simplest carbs are | monosaccharides |
| Condensation reaction | reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a small molecule |
| Dehydration reaction | When a water molecule is lost during a reaction between two covalently bonded molecules |
| 2 polymers synthesized by dehydration reactions | carbohydrate and protein polymers |
| Polymers (and certain lipids) are broken down into their component monomers through | hydrolysis |
| In hydrolysis, a water molecule is _ | added |
| Example of hydrolysis | digestion |
| Enzymes serve to | speed up chemical reactions |
| The carbon skeleton of monosaccharides can be | 3-7 carbons long |
| The molecular formulas for monosaccharides are a 1:2:1 ratio of | C6 H 12 O6 |
| Functions of polysaccharides | Storage and building material |
| Glycogen is mainly stored in | liver and muscle cells |
| Ketose | If carbonyl group is in the middle of the sugar chain |
| Aldose | If carbonyl group is at the end of the sugar chain |
| Sugars are very hydro- | phillic/polar/water soluble |
| Sugars vary based on the | # of carbons position of the carbonyl group orientation of the carboxyl group |
| Covalent bond linking two sugar molecules together | glycosidic bond |
| disaccharide | 2 covalently bonded sugars |
| Ex. of polysaccharides | Starch (energy) and cellulose (structural) |
| glycogen | animal energy storage molecule |
| Lipids are all | hydrophobic |
| Three types of lipids | Fats Phospholipids Steroids |
| Fats (_) contain a _ molecule joined to make 3 _ | triglycerides; glycerol; fatty acids |
| glycerol is joined to fatty acids via | a dehydration reaction |
| hydrocarbon (does/does not) mix with water | does not |
| Saturated fatty acids | No double bonds between the carbons ("saturated" with hydrogens) |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | at least one double bonds between carbons (less hydrogens) |
| Types of fatty acids | Saturated and unsaturated |
| Saturated fats are | animal fats (Ex. lard/butter); solid at room temp |
| Unsaturated fats are | plant and fish fats (Ex. olive/fish oil); liquid at room temp |
| Fats serve as an | energy source for animals |
| Chitin | Carbohydrate used by certain creatures to build their exoskeletons |
| Fatty acids have a _ carbon skeleton | long; usually 16 or 18 carbon atoms in length |
| ester linkage | bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group |
| Cis bond | has a bend in the structure |
| Function of phospholipids | Major component of cell membranes |
| Unlike other fat molecules, phospholipids only have 2 _ attached to _ instead of 3 | fatty acids; glycerol |
| Phospholipids are (polar/nonpolar) molecules | polar |
| Steroids are characterized by a carbon skeleton made of | 4 fused rings |
| Different steroids are distinguished by the particular _ attached to the _ | chemical groups; rings |
| Cholesterol is a type of _, and | steroid makes up animal cell membranes precursor for the creation of other steroids is synthesized in the liver |
| Proteins account for over _ of the _ of most cells | 50%; dry mass |
| Enzymatic proteins _ by acting as _ which are | regulate metabolism; catalysts; chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction |
| Proteins are made from the same set of 20 _ | amino acids |
| bond between amino acids | peptide bond |
| polymer of amino acids | polypeptide |
| Protein is a | molecule made up of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a 3D structure |
| The nonpolar side chains of an amino acid are | hydrophobic |
| The polar side chains of an amino acid are | hydrophilic |
| Peptide bonds are formed by | dehydration reactions |
| Protein structure depends on | The physical and chemical conditions of its environment |
| Denaturation | When a protein unravels and loses its shape |
| Most commonly used method for determining the 3D structure of a protein | X-ray crystallography |
| Nucleic acids | Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides |
| Ex. Of nucleic acid | Genes |
| The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by _ which are made of _ | Genes; DNA |
| Functions of DNA | Directs DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis Enables living organisms to pass on their complex components to their offspring (gene expression) |
| mRNA (messenger RNA) | Conveys genetic instruction for the synthesis of proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm |
| Monomer for polynucleotide | Nucleotide |
| 5 general components of a nucleotide | Pentose (5 carbon sugar) Nitrogenous base 1-3 phosphate groups |
| Nucleoside | Portion of a nucleotide without any phosphate groups |
| Order of gene expression | DNA -> mRNA -> protein |
| Sites of protein synthesis | Ribosomes |
| Two families of nucleotide bases | Pyrimidines and purines |
| Structure of pyrimidines | 1 six-membered ring of C and N atoms |
| Types of pyrimidines | Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil/ C, T, U |
| Structure of purines | Six-membered ring of C and H fused to a five-membered ring |
| Types of purines | Adenine and Guanine/ A and G |
| Adenine, guanine, and cytosine are found in | DNA and RNA |
| Thymine is only found in | DNA |
| Uracil is only found in | RNA |
| DNA sugar | Deoxyribose |
| RNA sugar | Ribose |
| The only difference between deoxyribose and ribose is that | Deoxyribose lacks an oxygen on the 2nd carbon in the ring |
| The linking of nucleotides into a polynucleotide involves what kind of reaction | a condensation reaction |
| Polynucleotides are linked with what kind of bond | covalent bonds |
| The nitrogen bases in the double helix strands of DNA are held together by what kind of bond | hydrogen bonds |
| In DNA, Adenine always pairs | With thymine |
| In DNA, Guanine always pairs | with cytosine |
| In DNA, Thymine always pairs | with adenine |
| In DNA, Cytosine always pairs | with guanine |
| The two double helix DNA strands are | complementary (predictable counterpart of each other) |
| In RNA, A pairs | with Uracil |
| _ isn't in RNA | T |
| 2ndary structure protein stabilized by forming | either hydrogen bonds, an alpha helix, or a beta pleated sheet |
| Type of bond that joins monomers into polymers | Covalent |
| Ex of hydrogen bonds between monomers to polymers | sugars -> starch animo acids -> proteins |
| Unsaturated fats have _ double bonds | cis |
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