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Bio 1406 ch.1
Evolution, themes of bio, scientific inquiry
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 2 types of cells | Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic |
| Prokaryotic | No nucleus or membranes |
| Eukaryotic | Nucleus with DNA and membranes enclosed organelles |
| DNA | * Has genetic information * Passes down transferable genetic info from parent to offspring |
| DNA sequences are | called genes |
| Gene expression | Genes are turned into mRNA and translated into specific proteins in order to program their cell's production of proteins * some mRNA is turned into other importaint stuff |
| Producers | convert sunlight energy into chemical energy |
| Consumers | Get energy from others |
| All organisms must perform work, which | requires energy |
| Feedback regulation | Process regulated by output/end product |
| Positive feedback loop | End product speeds up its own production |
| Negative feedback loop | Accumulation of end product slows its own production |
| 7 unifying themes of biology | * Order *Reproduction *Response to stimuli * Growth and development * Energy processing * Regulation * Evolution and adaptation |
| Reductionism | Taking a complex topic and simplifying it so it's easier to study |
| Limitations of reductionism | Does not take into account emergent properties |
| Emergent properties | When the sum is greater than its parts; when new properties emerge that the individual components do not possess that are unique to the combination |
| Systems biology | An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system’s parts |
| Matter and chemical nutrients are _, energy is _ | Recycled through the ecosystem, lost as heat |
| Autotrophs/producers | Organisms that make their own food; usually using the sun |
| Heterotrophs/consumers | Organisms that consume other organisms for energy; dependent on autotrophs |
| Saprophytes/decomposers | Organisms that feed on dead/decaying matter; are usually fungi and some animals |
| The origin of species | Darwin's book one on of the mechanisms of evolution; natural selection |
| Natural selection | Individuals that are most suited for their environment are more likely to survive long enough to reproduce and pass their helpful genes on to the next generation |
| Descent with modification | Species descended from a common ancestor gradually accumulate differences as they evolve to match their specific environments |
| Evolution is both a | Pattern and a Process |
| Biosphere | Layer of Earth where life exists |
| Father of taxonomy | Carl Linnaeus |
| In the past, Taxonomy was based on _ information, or | Topical, what was visible |
| Eukaryotes include | Protists, plants, animals, and fungi |
| Levels of biological organization | Atoms -> molecules -> Organelles -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organism -> Population -> Community -> Ecosystem -> Biosphere |
| Prokaryotes include | Bacteria and archaea |
| The three domains of life | Bacteria, Eukarya, Archaea |
| Population | all the individuals of a species living in a specific area |
| Energy is the ability | to do work or cause change |
| Energy controls | metabolism |
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