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Microbiology Ch. 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Understand early notions of disease | Urban sanitation systems from the ancient Indus Valley Civ cities/ Ancient Greek.. Bad air, mal'aria/ Rome.. built aqueducts & giant sewer (Cloaca Maxima) |
| Who is Antonie van Leeuwenhoek | Drapery merchant/ Made simple magnifying glass/ Studied lake water/ Observed 'animalcules' |
| What are the three domains living things can be classified into? | Bacteria/ Archaea/ Eucarya |
| What are the general characteristics of these domains? Bacteria | Most harmless or helpful & few are pathogenic/ DNA not membrane- bound (No nucleus)/ Described by their shape |
| What are the general characteristics of these domains? Archaea | Nonpathogenic unicellular prokaryotic organisms/ Differ in evolution, genetics, metabolism, cell walls, and membranes/ can survive in extreme conditions |
| What are the general characteristics of these domains? Eucarya | Membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles/ More complex than prokaryotes/ Algae, Protozoa, Fungi, Helminths |
| What is a wet mount? | Specimen is placed on the slide in a drop of liquid. Simplest type of preparation. |
| What is fixation? | Process of attaching cells to a slide. Achieved by heating or chemically treating the specimen |
| How is heat-fixation done? | Smear a thin layer of specimen on slide. Slide is briefly heated over a heat source |
| What is staining? Why is it necessary? | Coloring applied to exam features of a specimen under a light microscope. Most bacteria is colorless |
| The basic principle of staining is that _________. | Opposites attract |
| Understand basic dyes and acidic dyes. | Chromophore is a positively charged ion/ Colors are basic fuchsin, crystal violet, malachite green, methylene blue, safranin |
| Understand positive | Adds colors to the objects of interest to make them stand out against the background |
| Understand simple and differential staining. | Single dye is used to emphasize particular structures in the specimen |
| Understand the Gram stain procedure, including what structures are stained and why it is a differential stain. Know all steps and chemicals used, and why. | 1. Crystal Violet. Primary stain added to specimen smear. Stains cells purple or blue. |
| Understand the meat-maggot experiment. What did it demonstrate? | Demonstrated that if the flies could not land on the meat then there would be no maggots on the meat. Spontaneous generation was disproved |
| What is the Germ Theory of Disease? | Diseases may result from microbial infection. |
| Who was Ignaz Semmelweis? | Hungarian obstetrician. He observed that Physician and med students were not washing their hands when going from an autopsy to a living pt, thus increasing the mortality rate on puerperal fever. |
| Who was Joseph Lister? | He determined that 50% of surgical infections were due to hygiene. He was the first to use carbolic acid spray disinfectant/antiseptic during surgery. Later became standard practice |
| Understand Koch's Postulates. | He coined the term "one microbe, one disease". He and his colleagues identified causative pathogens of specific diseases: anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera |
| Understand the major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells explained in the notes. | Bacteria & archaea/ No nucleus (nucleoid)/ No membrane-bound organelles/ small/ simple and unicellular |
| Understand the major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells explained in the notes. | Animals, plants, fungi, protists/ DNA is located in a membrane-bound nucleus/ contains membrane-bound organelles/ larger/ complex and multicellular |
| Who is Robert Hooke? | Created compound microscope/ Described microscopical mushroom (bread mold) |
| Understand negative stains. | Produces an outline or silhouette of the organisms against a colorful background |
| Understand basic dyes and acidic dyes. | Chromophore is the negative ion/ colors are acid fuchsin, eosin, rose bengal |
| Understand simple and differential staining. | Distinguished organisms based on their interactions with multiple stains/ Differ staining techniques include: Gram, acid-fast, endospore, flagella, capsule staining |
| Understand the Gram stain procedure, including what structures are stained and why it is a differential stain. Know all steps and chemicals used, and why. | 2. Iodine. Mordant makes dye less soluble so it adheres to cell walls. Cells remain purple or blue |
| Understand the Gram stain procedure, including what structures are stained and why it is a differential stain. Know all steps and chemicals used, and why. | 3. Alcohol. Decolorizer washes away stain from gram-negative cell walls. Gram+ remains purple or blue & Gram- remains colorless |
| Understand the Gram stain procedure, including what structures are stained and why it is a differential stain. Know all steps and chemicals used, and why. | 4.Safranin. Counterstain allows dye adherence to gram- cells. Gram+ cells remain purple or blue & Gram- cells appear pink or red |
Created by:
Clinton Perdue
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