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AP2 2nd guess/ incor
A&P2 2nd guessed / incorrect
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What cells make up the mononuclear phagocytic system? Basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils Mast cells and megakaryocytes Monocytes and macrophages T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes | Monocytes and macrophages |
| What type of phagocytic cells are circulating in the blood? Lymphocytes and monocytes Monocytes and macrophages Neutrophils and monocytes Neutrophils and macrophages | Neutrophils and monocytes |
| What cell types are primarily responsible for immunity? Lymphocytes and monocytes Lymphocytes and macrophages Neutrophils and lymphocytes Monocytes and macrophages | Lymphocytes and macrophages |
| T lymphocytes are responsible for what aspect of defense against infection? Humoral immune response Cellular immune response Inflammation Fever | Cellular immune response |
| Antibody actions against antigens include__________ in which the antibodies bind to antigen, forming an insoluble complex that can be phagocytized. opsonization agglutination lysis precipitation | precipitation |
| In what situation will there be an increase in lymph formation? Decreased protein concentration in tissue fluid. Decreased volume of tissue fluid. Increased hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid. Increased osmotic pressure in blood capillaries. | Increased hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid. |
| How can the innate defenses be characterized? Slow and nonspecific Fast and specific Fast and nonspecific Slow and specific | Fast and nonspecific |
| When does aging of the lymphatic system begin? At birth Shortly after birth Before birth After age 50 | Before birth |
| Which of the following functions as a phagocyte? Erythrocytes Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils | Neutrophils |
| What is the difference between serum and plasma? Plasma contains calcium; serum does not. Plasma does not have blood cells; serum does. Plasma contains fibrinogen; serum does not. Plasma contains albumin; serum does not. | Plasma contains fibrinogen; serum does not. |
| Prothrombin time is a blood test used to evaluate the__________. intravascular clotting mechanism fibrinolysis mechanism extrinsic clotting mechanism intrinsic clotting mechanism | extrinsic clotting mechanism |
| What is the enzyme that catalyzes the activation of fibrin? Thrombin Prothrombin Fibrinogen Tissue thromboplastin | Thrombin |
| What determines an individual's blood type? Proteins (antibodies) on the surface of red blood cells Proteins (antibodies) circulating in blood plasma Proteins (antigens) on the surface of white blood cells Proteins (antigens) on the surfaces of red blood cells | Proteins (antigens) on the surfaces of red blood cells |
| Which is true about an individual who is Rh-negative? Their plasma contains Rh antigens. Their red blood cells lack the Rh antigens. Their red blood cells lack the Rh antibodies. The Rh antigens are present in the plasma, but not on the red blood cells. | Their red blood cells lack the Rh antigens. |
| What is the main function of plasma albumin? Acting as antibodies of immunity Transporting lipids and fat-soluble vitamins Serving as an energy source Helping to maintain colloid osmotic pressure | Helping to maintain colloid osmotic pressure |
| What regulates pancreatic secretion of digestive enzymes? Cholecystokinin The amount of food eaten Bile salts Cholesterol | Cholecystokinin |
| Which of the following is a function of the liver? Group of answer choices It secretes chymotrypsin. It forms glucose from noncarbohydrates. It stores vitamin C. It produces red blood cells. | It forms glucose from noncarbohydrates. |
| Activities of the digestive system generally increase when it is stimulated by__________ impulses. sympathetic parasympathetic sensory somatic | parasympathetic |
| Heartburn is usually caused by the effects of gastric juice on the__________. heart esophagus stomach small intestine | esophagus |
| What is the action of the hormone secretin? Activates chymotrypsin Inhibits the action of pancreatic lipase Stimulates release of pancreatic juice Converts trypsinogen to trypsin | Stimulates release of pancreatic juice |
| Which of the following is not a function of the liver? Maintaining blood glucose concentration Formation of urea Secretion of insulin Secretion of bile | Secretion of insulin |
| The major mixing movement in the small intestine is accomplished by__________. Group of answer choices mass movement churning segmentation peristalsis | segmentation |
| What lipoprotein picks up cholesterol from the peripheral tissues and returns it to the liver? LDLs Triglycerides HDLs VLDLs | HDLs |
| What organ produces VLDL? Liver Kidneys Pancreas Stomach | Liver |
| Which organ is not part of the gastrointestinal tract? Large intestine Esophagus Liver Oral cavity | Liver |
| Which of the following is the correct sequence for the digestion and absorption of lipids? Formation of chylomicrons Emulsification by bile Diffusion through the epithelial cell membrane Hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase Movement into lacteal ducts 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 2, 1, 4, 3, 5 3, 2, 4, 5, 1 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 | 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 |
| As a child, Sherry was poor and did not eat very well. A certain vitamin deficiency hindered development of the light-sensitive pigments in her eyes, and now she has poor vision in low-light environments. Which of the following vitamins should she take to improve her vision? Vitamin A Vitamin B12 Vitamin D Vitamin K | Vitamin A |
| What process occurs during the catabolism of proteins for energy? Deamination Glycogenolysis Glycolysis Beta oxidation | Deamination |
| Deficiency of vitamin__________ causes night blindness. A C D K | A |
| Deficiency of vitamin__________ causes osteomalacia. A C D E | D |
| What is the condition that results from poor nutrition, lack of nutrients, or the failure to use them? Malnutrition Malabsorption Food intolerance Food allergy | Malnutrition |
| Treatment with antibiotic drugs is sometimes followed by a deficiency of vitamin__________. A C D K | K |
| Why might a protein deficiency be accompanied by edema? Protein deficiency results in a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure. Protein deficiency causes an increase in blood pressure. Protein deficiency causes vasodilation of capillaries throughout the body. Protein deficiency causes a decrease in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. | Protein deficiency results in a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure. |
| The nasal cavity is lined with__________ epithelium. pseudostratified ciliated stratified squamous simple columnar stratified columnar | pseudostratified ciliated |
| Where are the respiratory control areas located? Cerebral cortex Pons and medulla oblongata Alveoli Hypothalamus | Pons and medulla oblongata |
| The presense of__________ in the alveoli ensure that particles brought in with inhaled air are removed. surfactant antibodies macrophages lymphocytes | macrophages |
| Where are the paired kidneys located? In front of the stomach Behind the parietal peritoneum On either side of the urinary bladder Against the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity | Behind the parietal peritoneum |
| The first capillary bed associated with the nephron allows for__________. the filtration of blood the reabsorbtion of nutrients the adjustment of blood pH the reversal of blood flow | the filtration of blood |
| Once in the glomerular capsule, the filtrate then moves into the__________. Group of answer choices renal pelvis minor calyx renal tubule ureter | renal tubule |
| Dissecting a kidney in class and, after cutting a sagittal section through the kidney, decide to remove some of the lighter-colored inner structures near the superior end of the ureter. You remove a funnel-shaped sac that connects directly into the ureter, along with many tubes that converge to form the funnel-shaped sac. Which structures have you removed? Group of answer choices Renal medulla and renal pyramids Renal pelvis and the calyces Renal cortex and the renal medulla Adrenal glands | Renal pelvis and the calyces |
| You are doing a dissection in class. You need to cut open a kidney, but first you must remove a tough, fibrous membrane covering it. What is this structure? Renal medulla Major calyx Renal cortex Renal capsule | Renal capsule |
| The reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of the__________. Group of answer choices glomerular capsule nephron loop proximal tubule distal tubule | proximal tubule |
| What occurs when plasma glucose concentration exceeds the renal plasma threshold? Group of answer choices The glomerular filtration rate increases The volume of urine decreases Glucose is secreted into the peritubular capillary. Glucose appears in the urine. | Glucose appears in the urine. |
| When sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport, chloride ions are__________. Group of answer choices reabsorbed by active transport reabsorbed by passive transport secreted by active transport secreted by passive transport | reabsorbed by passive transport |
| The countercurrent mechanism functions primarily in the__________. Group of answer choices renal corpuscle proximal tubule distal tubule nephron loop | nephron loop |
| The hormone ADH promotes water reabsorption through the wall(s) of the__________. Group of answer choices distal tubule and collecting duct proximal tubule and collecting duct ascending limb of the nephron loop descending limb of the nephron loop | distal tubule and collecting duct |
| How and where are hydrogen ions secreted? Group of answer choices Passively into the proximal tubule Passively from the distal tubule Actively into the entire renal tubule Actively from the distal tubule | Actively into the entire renal tubule |
| At which structure can water reabsorption be adjusted as needed by the body? Group of answer choices Proximal tubule Descending limb of the nephron loop Glomerular capsule Collecting duct | Collecting duct |
| Which choice describes the countercurrent mechanism of the nephron loop? Group of answer choices Water moves out of the ascending limb; sodium moves into the ascending limb Water moves into the ascending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb Water moves out of the descending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb Water moves into the descending limb; sodium moves out of the descending limb | r moves out of the descending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb |
| Barbara has a condition called gout. The inflammation and pain in her joints is due to excess__________ in her plasma, which leads to crystal deposits in her great toe joint. Group of answer choices uric acid urea calcium ions amino acids | uric acid |
| What is the function of the countercurrent mechanism in the nephron? Group of answer choices It creates a highly concentrated interstitial fluid so that urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts. It is a method to transport sodium in order to control sodium concentration in the blood. It keeps the volume of water lost in the urine relatively constant. It keeps interstitial fluid hydrated to maintain blood pressure. | It creates a highly concentrated interstitial fluid so that urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts. |
| A fetus develops without macula densa in its nephrons. Which of the following will occur as a result? Loss of the ability to detect sodium, potassium, and chloride ions in the nephron loop and to secrete renin in response. Loss of renin secretion in response low blood pressure conditions. Loss of the ability of fluid to pass from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman’s capsule. Loss of the ability to convert angiotensin I into angiotensin II. | Loss of the ability to detect sodium, potassium, and chloride ions in the nephron loop and to secrete renin in response. |
| Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex causes sodium ions to be__________ and potassium ions to be__________. excreted; conserved excreted; excreted conserved; conserved conserved; excreted | conserved; excreted |
| An increase in glomerular osmotic pressure__________ the rate of glomerular filtration. increases decreases does not change has a variable effect on | decreases |
| What change in vessel diameter can result in an increase in the glomerular filtration rate? Vasodilation of the efferent arteriole. Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole only. Both vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole. Both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole. | Both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole. |
| The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the filtration rate by__________. causing vasodilation of the peritubular capillaries causing vasoconstriction of the peritubular capillaries causing vasoconstriction of both the afferent and efferent arterioles causing increased osmotic pressure in the glomerular capsule | causing vasoconstriction of both the afferent and efferent arterioles |
| A decrease in the glomerular capsule hydrostatic pressure will__________ the rate of glomerular filtration. increase decrease not change have a variable effect on | increase |
| How does the composition of glomerular filtrate differ from that of plasma? Filtrate contains many substances that are not present in plasma. Filtrate contains most of the same substances as plasma except for larger protein molecules. Filtrate has less water and fewer electrolytes than plasma. Filtrate has more uric acid and creatinine than plasma. | Filtrate contains most of the same substances as plasma except for larger protein molecules. |
| Choose the glomerular filtrate list that would indicate an improperly functioning glomerular filtration system. Phosphate, potassium, sodium, water Uric acid, creatinine, phosphate, sodium Water, large proteins, glucose, potassium Glucose, amino acids, creatine, urea, bicarbonate | Water, large proteins, glucose, potassium |
| Certain substances, like caffeine and citrus juices, are classified as diuretics. This means that they cause diuresis in the kidneys. What effect will diuretics have on the urinary system? They increase volume of urine excreted. They decrease volume of urine excreted. They increase amount of urea produced. They decrease GFR. | They increase volume of urine excreted. |
| If glucose is not reabsorbed from the tubular fluid,__________ increases. hydrostatic pressure glomerular filtration rate sodium reabsorption the osmotic pressure | the osmotic pressure |
| What is the product of the metabolism of certain nucleic acid bases? Uric acid Urea Ammonia Water | Uric acid |
| Up to__________ of urea in tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the collecting ducts, only to be secreted into the ascending limb. 33% 55% 80% 100% | 80% |
| How does activation of the renin-angiotensin system affect electrolyte balance? It stimulates release of aldosterone, which alters the handling of sodium and potassium by the kidneys. It stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone, which alters the handling of sodium and potassium by the kidneys. It directly stimulates the absorption of calcium from the small intestines and the reabsorption of calcium from kidney tubules. | It stimulates release of aldosterone, which alters the handling of sodium and potassium by the kidneys. |
| What blood pH occurs with the condition called acidosis? above 7.45 7.35 to 7.45 below 7.35 | below 7.35 |
| What blood pH occurs with the condition called alkalosis? Above 7.45 7.35 to 7.45 Below 7.35 | Above 7.45 |
| In terms of electrolyte concentrations, how does extracellular fluid compare to intracellular fluid? ECF has higher sodium and lower potassium ion concentrations. ECF has higher sodium and higher potassium ion concentrations. ECF has lower sodium and lower potassium ion concentrations. ECF has lower sodium and higher potassium ion concentrations. | ECF has higher sodium and lower potassium ion concentrations. |
| How does activation of the renin-angiotensin system affect electrolyte balance? It stimulates release of aldosterone, which alters the handling of sodium and potassium by the kidneys. It stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone, which alters the handling of sodium and potassium by the kidneys. It enhances thirst, altering total body water content which, in turn, alters electrolyte concentrations in the ECF. | It stimulates release of aldosterone, which alters the handling of sodium and potassium by the kidneys. |
| What is the action of the hormone aldosterone? Increased reabsorption of sodium ions from kidney tubules Increased secretion of calcium ions into kidney tubules Increased kidney tubule permeability to water Increased reabsorption of potassium from kidney tubules | Increased reabsorption of sodium ions from kidney tubules |
| What is a stimulus for release of aldosterone? Increasing potassium ion concentration Increasing blood osmolarity Increasing sodium ion concentration Increasing calcium ion concentration | Increasing potassium ion concentration |
| In response to the action of__________, sodium ions are conserved and potassium ions are excreted in the urine. atrial natriuretic peptide angiotensin aldosterone antidiuretic hormone | aldosterone |
| Increased carbon dioxide production is associated with a(n)__________ in fluid pH. Group of answer choices decrease increase | decrease |
| Which of the following will cause the respiratory center to increase the breathing rate? Decrease in plasma concentration of carbonic acid Decrease in plasma pH Increase in plasma osmolarity Increase in plasma concentration of bicarbonate ion | Decrease in plasma pH |
| In a certain male individual, primary spermatocytes do not divide into secondary spermatocytes, yet still undergo spermiogenesis and form mature sperm. How will the resulting sperm differ from normal sperm? The abnormal sperm will have 23 chromosomes instead of 46. The abnormal sperm will be diploid instead of haploid. The abnormal sperm won’t develop a tail or acrosomal cap. The abnormal sperm are all type A cells. | The abnormal sperm will be diploid instead of haploid. |
| In a certain male individual, primary spermatocytes do not divide into secondary spermatocytes, yet still undergo spermiogenesis and form mature sperm. These sperm then fertilize a normal oocyte. What will be true of the zygote? The zygote will have 46 chromosomes instead of 23. The zygote will be diploid instead of haploid. The zygote will have 69 chromosomes instead of 46. The zygote will have only paternal chromosomes. | The zygote will have 69 chromosomes instead of 46. |
| Male reproductive functions are controlled mainly by hormones from the hypothalamus and what two structures? Posterior pituitary and adrenal glands Anterior pituitary and adrenal glands Posterior pituitary and testes Anterior pituitary and testes | Anterior pituitary and testes |
| The egg, or ovum, is more correctly called a(n)__________. primary oocyte secondary oocyte oogonium zygote | secondary oocyte |
| A Pap smear is used to detect abnormal cells in the__________. urethra ovary cervix vagina | cervix |
| The inner mucosal layer of the uterine wall is the_________. endometrium myometrium perimetrium epimetrium | endometrium |
| The tubular part of the uterus that extends downward into the upper vagina is the_________. fundus cervix perimetrium endometrium | cervix |
| What stimulates the release of testosterone? Increased plasma concentration of LH Decreased plasma concentration of LH Decreased plasma concentration of FSH Increased plasma concentration of FSH | Increased plasma concentration of LH |
| The number of sperm cells in an ejaculate averages about__________ per milliliter. 10,000 1 million 120 million 10 billion | 120 million |
| What type of immunoglobulins are involved in type I hypersensitivity? | IgE |
| A 60-year-old male begins to notice that he can’t control his bladder as efficiently lately. Leakage of urine is starting to become common. What might be the cause of the urinary incontinence? | An enlarged prostate |
| What does autoregulation refer to? | Maintenance of a constant glomerular filtration rate |
| What are the layers of a ureter? | Inner mucous coat, middle muscular coat, outer fibrous coat |
| The__________ is the tube that conveys urine outside the body. | urethra |
| Where is the micturition reflex center? | Sacral portion of the spinal cord -> receives input from neutral centers in the pons and hypothalamus |
| What is the trigone? | A triangular area on the internal floor of the bladder. It has openings on each of the three angles |
| What organ contains the detrusor muscle? | Urinary bladder |
| Conscious control of micturition inhibits the micturition reflex by using nerve centers in the__________. | Cerebral cortex & brain stem |
| What is a function of the kindeys? Synthesis of vitamin D Regulation of blood-glucose levels Excretion of carbon dioxide Regulation of lymphocyte production | Synthesis of vitamin D |
| Afferent arterioles are branches of the__________. | Cortial radiate arteries |
| Blood flows from the efferent arterioles into the__________. | peritubular capillaries |
| In the reproductive cycle, estrogens__________, whereas progesterone__________. | Stimulates uterine wall development; stimulates the uterine lining to become more glandular |
| A woman going through menopause may take__________ to minimize the symptoms. | Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) |
| Which of the following is a chemical barrier type of contraceptive? | Spermicides |
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