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Physiology Chapter 2
Chemical Compositions of the Body
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the smallest units of the chemical elements | Atoms |
| What 3 things are atoms composed of? | Protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| What 2 things are found in the nucleus of an atom? | Protons and neutrons |
| The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom is called what? | Atomic mass |
| The nuber of protons in an atom refers to what? | Atomic number |
| What type of electrons are found in the outermost shell and participate in chemical reactions and form bonds? | Valence electrons |
| Does the electrons in the more distant shells have a higher or lower energy? | Higher |
| The number of shells in an atom depends on what? | Atomic number |
| In isotopes the atomic mass is different because they contain different numbers of what? | Neutrons |
| What are considered different forms of the same atom? | Isotopes |
| In isotopes, what number is the same? | Atomic number(protons) |
| Water is an example of what type of covalent bond? | Polar |
| What type of bond occur when atoms share valence electrons? | Covalent |
| In what type of covalent bond are electrons shared equally? | Nonpolar |
| In what type of covalent bond are electrons shared unequally? | Polar |
| What type of bond occurs when valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another? | Ionic |
| Atom that loses electrons becomes what? | cation (+ charged) |
| Atom that gain electrons become what? | anion (- charged) |
| How are ionic bonds formed? | Attraction of + and - charged |
| What bonds are weaker, ionic bonds or polar covalent bonds? | Ionic bonds |
| Molecules that are soluble in water are called what? | Hydrophilic |
| What are 2 example of hydrophilic mollecules? | Glucose and amino acids |
| Molecules that are nonpolar and cannot form hydration spheres are refered to as what? | Hydrophobic |
| Molecules are formed through interaction of ___________ _________between two or more atoms. | Valence electrons |
| What is formed through interaction of the valence electronsof two or more atoms? | Molecules |
| What is the result when atoms share their valence electrons? | Covalent bonds |
| What results when one or more valence electron from one atom are completely transferred to a second atom? | Ionic bonds |
| Atoms or molecules that have a negative or positive charges are called what? | Ion |
| Positively charged ions are called what? | Cations |
| Negatively charged ions are called what? | anions |
| What are 3 types of Carbohydrates? | Monosaccharides, disaccharide, and polysaccharide |
| What are the 3 monosaccharides? | Fructose, glucose and galactose |
| What are the 3 disaccharides? | Sucrose, maltose, and lactose |
| What are the 2 types of polysaccharides? | Starch and glycogen |
| When numerous monosaccharides are joined together the resulting molecule is what? | Polysaccharides |
| What are 2 monosaccharides joined covalently called? | Disaccharides |
| What occurs by splitting water out of 2 monosaccharides? | Disaccharides |
| What 2 monosaccharides make sucrose (table sugar)? | glucose and fructose |
| What 2 monosaccharides make lactose? | glucose and galactose |
| What 2 monosaccharides make maltose? | 2 glucose molecules |
| What are 2 examples of polymers containing thousands of glucoses? | Starch and glycogen |
| What are the energy storage molecules called? | Polysaccharides (starches and glycogen) |
| Monosaccharides are bonded together covalently to form Disaccharides and polysaccharides by a type of reaction called what? | Dehydration synthesis or condensation |
| What reaction occurs in the digestion of disaccharides and polysaccharides? | Hydrolysis |
| What organic molecules are insoluble in polar solvents such as water and considered hydrophobic? | Lipids |
| What is formed by condensation of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids? | Triglycerides |
| What type of fatty acids have 1 c=c with hydrogens that share the double bond on the same side of the fatty acid chain, such as oleic acid and the configuration makes the fatty acid bend? | Cis fatty acids |
| What are the 2 types of triglycerides fatty acids? | Cis and Trans |
| What fatty acids have 1 c=c with hydrogens that share the double bond on opposite sides of the fatty acid chain, such as elaidic acid and this configuration makes the fatty acid straight? | Trans fatty acids |
| What can occur when ketone bodies in blood lower the pH? | Ketoacidosis |
| Hydrolysis of triglycerides within adiopose tissues releases free fatty acids called what? | Ketone bodies |
| Free fatty acids can be used as an immediate source of energy by many organs; they can also be converted by the liver into derivatives called what? | Ketone bodies |
| What are lipids that contain a phosphate group? | Phospholipids |
| Phospholipids act as what by reducing surface tension? | Surfactants |
| What part of the phospholipid is polar and hydrophilic? | Phosphate |
| What part of the phospholipid is nonpolar and hydrophobic? | Lipid |
| What are the 4 types of lipids? | Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, prostoglandins |
| What type of lipids are fatty acids with cyclic hydrocarbon group that is produced by and active in most tissues? | Prostoglandins |
| What type of lipid all have 3 6-carbon rings joined to a 5-carbon ring? | Steroids |
| Why are steroids included in the lipid category of molecules? | They are nonpolar and insoluble in water |
| What are 2 types of nucleic acids? | RNA and DNA |
| Nucleic Acids are made of long chains of what? | Nucleotides |
| What 3 things does nucleotides consist of? | 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base |
| What are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases? | Pyrimidines and purines |
| Which nitrogenous base contains 2 rings? | Purine |
| Which nitrogenous base contains only 1 ring? | Pyrimidines |
| What are 3 example of proteins that are conjugated with other groups? | Lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and hemoglobin |
| DNA and RNA are made up of long chains of what? | Nucleotides |
| What are the 4 bases of DNA? | Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine |
| What are the 4 bases of RNA? | Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and urasil |
| What bases are purines? | Guanine and adenine |
| What bases are pyrimidines? | Cytosine and thymine/urasil |
| How are peptides formed? | Dehydration reaction |
| What are amino acids linked by? | Peptide bonds |
| What do you call short chains of amino acids (<100)? | Peptides |
| Proteins are made up of long chains of what? | Amino acids (>100) |
| What is produced when a covalent bond is formed between two amino acids? | Water |
| Long chains of amino acids make up what? | Proteins |
| Phospholipids aggregate into what in water? | Micelles |
| The _________part of the phospholipids interacts with water while the _________part is hidden in the middle. | Polar/nonpolar |
| Does saturated fats have a single or double covalent bond? | Single |
| Does unsaturated fats have a single or double covalent bond? | Double |
Created by:
seshelby62
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