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Physiology Chapter 1
The Study of Body Functions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The study of how the body works to maintain life is called what? | Physiology |
| The study of how physiological processes are aletered in disease or injury is called what? | Pathophysiology |
| Maintainence of a state of "dynamic constancy" in which conditions are stabilized above and below a physiological set point describes what? | Homeostasis |
| In a negative feed back loop when a sensor detects a deviation from a particular set point, it must relay this information where? | Integrating center |
| In a negative feedback loop the body must contain what in order to detect deviations from a set point? | Sensors |
| In a negative feedback loop the effectors are generally what part of the body? | Muscles or glands |
| Homeostasis is maintained by two general categories of regulatory mechanisms | Intrinsic and extrinsic |
| What regulatory mechanisms are built in to the organs being regulated? | Intrinsic |
| What regulatory mechanism is the regulation of an organ by the nervous and endocrine systems? | Extrinsic |
| What regulatory mechanism comes from outside of the organ? | Extrinsic |
| Body temperature is controlled by antagonistic effects of sweating and shivering and is an example of what regulatory mechanism? | Extrinsic |
| What type of feedback is rare because it amplifies changes? | Positive feedback |
| The production of blood clots is the result of what type of feedback? | Positive feedback |
| In females, what type of feedback is used to create the LH surge that causes ovulation? | Positive feedback |
| What feedback controls blood pressure? | Negative feedback |
| What feedback has hormonal control of blood glucose? | Negative feedback |
| Cells that have similar functions are grouped into categories called what? | Tissues |
| What are the 4 major types of tissues? | Muscle, nervous, epithelial and connective tissues |
| What are the 3 types of muscle tissues? | Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
| What is the only type of voluntary muscle tissue? | Skeletal |
| What type of muscle tissue is multinucleated? | Skeletal muscle tissue |
| What type of muscle tissue are short, striated and involuntary? | Cardiac Muscle tissue |
| What type of muscle tissue have intercalated discs between the cells that provide mechanical and electrical interconnections? | Cardiac |
| What type of muscle tissue if found in the digestive tract, blood vessels, bronchioles, and the ducts of the urinary and reproductive systems? | Smooth muscles tissue |
| What type of tissues consists of neurons and supporting or glial cells? | Nervous tissue |
| What cells provide physical and functional support for neurons? | Supporting or glial cells |
| What is a single, long extension off the cell body that conducts nerve impulses to other cells called? | Axon |
| What part of the nervous tissue are highly branched extension off the cell body that receive inputs from other neurons? | Dendrites |
| What are nerve cells called? | Neurons |
| Epithelial tissue consists of cells that form what 2 things? | Membranes and glands |
| What are 2 categories of glands? | Endocrine and exocrine glands |
| What glands secrete chemicals through a duct that leads to the outside of a memebrane, and thus to the outside of a body surface? | Exocrine |
| What glands secrete chemicals called hormones into the blood? | Endocrine |
| What type of tissues lines and covers body surfaces? | Epithelial tissue |
| What are the 3 types of epithelial tissues? | Squamous, columnar, and cuboidal |
| Epithelial membranes that are only one cell layer thick are known as what? | Simple membranes |
| Epithelial membranes that are composed of more than one layer are known as what? | Stratified membranes |
| What type of membranes cover all body surfaces and line the cavity (lumen) of every hollow organ? | Epithelial membranes |
| What epithelial lining is a nonkeratinized membrane and all layers consist of living cells? | Esophagus and vagina |
| What organ contains a keratinized or cornified membrane? | Skin |
| What type of epithelial cells are found in the respiratory passages and fallopian tubes? | Ciliated columnar epithelial cells |
| What joins epithelial cells together to increase strenth and create a barrier? | Junctional complexes |
| Epithelial membranes are attached to the underlying connective tissue by a layer of proteins and polysaccharides known as what? | Basement membrane |
| What glands are derived from cells of epithelial membranes? | Exocrine Glands |
| The nervous tissues consists of what 3 types of cells? | Neurons, supporting, and glial cells |
| What is the secretion of the exocrine glands controlled by? | myoepithelial cells |
| What are the exocrine ducts called? | Simple tubes or clusters called acini |
| Connective tissue has lots of extracellular material deposited in the spaces between its cells called what? | Matrix |
| What are the 4 types of connective tissues? | Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone and blood |
| What are the 2 types of connective tissue proper? | Loose connective tissue and dense regular connective tissue |
| What organs in the body have exocrine as well as endocrine glands? | Pancreas and liver |
| All of the glands that secrete into the digestive tract are all what type of gland? | Exocrine |
| What is another name for loose connective tissue? | Areolar connective tissue |
| Adipose tissue is a specialized type of what tissue? | Loose connective tissue |
| What connective tissue is composed of collagen (fibrous proteins), tissue fluid, and adipose? | Loose connective tissue |
| What type of connective tissue consists of cells, called chondrocytes, surrounded by a semisolid ground substance that imparts elastic properties to the tissue? | Cartilage |
| What type of connective tissue is a type of supportive and protective tissue commonly called "gistle"? | Cartilage |
| What type of connective tissue is the precursor to many bones that develop in the fetus and persists at the articular surfaces on the bones at all movable joints in adults? | Cartilage |
| What connective tissue is formed as concentric layers of calcified material? | Bone |
| What are bone forming cells called? | Osteoblasts |
| What are trapped, inactive osteoblasts? | Osteocytes |
| What is the bone reabsorbing cells called? | Osteoclasts |
| What is the largest organ of the body and has an outer later of protective cornified epidermis? | Skin |
| What are the 3 layers of the skin? | Epidermis, dermis, and the hypodermis |
| What layer of the skin contains fat? | Hypodermis |
| What layer of the skin is the inner most layer? | Hypodermis |
| What is the middle layer of skin and contains connective tissue, glands, blood vessels, and nerves? | Dermis |
| Extracellular body fluid compartments are composed of what 2 things? | Blood plasma and interstitial fluid or tissue fluid |
| What are the 2 major parts or compartments that tissues, organs, and systems are divided into? | Intracellular and extracellular compartments |
| Body fluid compartments consist primarily of what? | Water |
| The extracellular compartment is subdivided into what 2 parts? | Blood plasma and the tissue fluid or interstitial fluid |
| Where is the integrating center found? | Brain or spinal cord or hormones |
| What is the purpose of the integrating center? | To determine how the body is to respond to a deviation from the set point |
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seshelby62
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