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Unit 1 Keywords
Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Physiology | The study of how vital organisms carry out their functions. |
| Cytology | Analyzes the internal structure of individual cells. |
| Homeostasis | Refers to a stable environment |
| Thermoregulation | Homeostasis maintenance of the body’s temperature |
| Serous Membrane | thin, slippery tissues that cover and protect vital organs and body cavities |
| Mediastinum | a space in the thorax that contains a group of organs, vessels, nerves, lymphatics and their surrounding connective tissue. |
| Histology | the study of the microscopic structure of tissues. |
| Sign | is an objectively observable or measurable physical indication of a disease. |
| Symptom | Clinical term for an abnormality of function as a result of disease; subjective experience of patient |
| Negative Feedback | Corrective process that opposes or reverses a variation for normal limits and restores homeostasis |
| Positive Feedback | Process that increases a deviation from normal limits after an initial stimulus |
| Anatomical Position | An anatomical reference position, the body viewed from the anterior surface with the palms facing forward; supine |
| Prone position | face down |
| Supine position | face up |
| Peritoneum | The serous membrane that lines the peritoneal (abdominopelvic) cavity |
| Pleura | The serous membrane lining the pleural cavities |
| Elements | All the atoms with the same atomic number |
| molecule | A chemical structure that contains two or more atoms that are held together by covalent bonds |
| Metabolism | The sum of all biochemical processes underway in the body at a given moment; includes anabolism and catabolism |
| Catalyst | A substance that accelerates a specific chemical reaction but is not altered by the reaction |
| Enzyme | A protein that catalyzes a specific biochemical reaction. |
| Anabolism | The synthesis of complex organic compounds from simpler precursors |
| Catabolism | The breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler components, accompanied by the release of energy |
| Acid | A compound whose dissociation in solution releases a hydrogen ion and an anion; an acidic solution has a pH below 7.0 and contains an excess of hydrogen ions |
| Base | A compound whose dissociation releases a hydroxide ion (OH-)or removes a hydrogen ion from the solution. |
| Atom | The smallest, stable unit of matter |
| Buffer | A compound that stabilizes the pH by either removing or releasing hydrogen ions |
| Substrate | A participant (product or reactant) in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction |
| Protein | A large polypeptide with a complex structure |
| Glycogen | A polysaccharide that represents an important energy reserve: a polymer consisting of a long chain of glucose molecules |
| Active Site | region that binds substrate molecules. This is crucial for the enzyme’s catalytic activity. |
| Electrons | One of the three fundamental subatomic particles; has a negative charge and normally orbits the protons of the nucleus |
| Proton | A fundamental subatomic particle having a positive charge |
| Neutron | A fundamental particle that does not carry a positive or negative charge |
| Covalent Bond | A chemical bond between atoms that involves the sharing of electrons |
| Ionic Bond | Chemical bond created by the attraction between ions with opposite charges |
| Hydrogen Bond | Weak interaction between the hydrogen atom on one molecule and a negatively charged portion of another molecule |
| Cholesterol | A steroid component of cell membranes and a substrate for the synthesis of steroid hormones and bile salts |
| Adenosine Triphosphate | A high-energy compound composed of adenosine monophosphate and two phosphate groups |
| Triglyceride | A lipid composed of a molecule of glycerol attached to three fatty acids |
| Amino Acid | Organic compounds that are the building blocks of proteins |
| Diffusion | Passive molecular movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| Osmosis | The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from one solution to another solution that contains a higher solute concentration |
| Crenation | Cellular shrinkage due to an osmotic movement of water out of the cell |
| Cilia | Slender organelle/organelles that extends above the free surface of an epithelial cell. |
| Mitosis | The division of a single cell nucleus that produces two identical daughter nuclei; an essential step in cell division |
| Tumor | A tissue mass produced by abnormal growth and replication of cells |
| Gene | A portion of a DNA nucleotide chain that functions as a hereditary unit, and is found at a particular location on a specific chromosome, and codes for a specific protein |
| Phospholipid Bilayer | the plasma membrane is called a |
| Hypotonic solution | When comparing two solutions, used to refer to the one with the lower osmotic concentration |
| Phagocytosis | The engulfing of extracellular materials or pathogens; movement of extracellular materials into the cytoplasm by enclosure in a membranous vesicle |
| DNA Replication | The duplication of the cell’s genetic material |
| Selectively Permeable | permitting the free passage of some materials and restricting the passage of others |
| Extracellular Fluid (ECF) | All body fluid other than that contained within cells; includes blood plasma and interstitial fluid. |
| Intracellular Fluid (ICF) | The cytosol |
| Ribosome | An organelle containing rRNA and proteins that is essential to mRNA translation and protein synthesis |
| Cytokinesis | The cytoplasmic movement that separates two daughter cells at the completion of mitosis |
| Microvilli | Small, fingerlike extensions of the exposed plasma membrane of an epithelial cell |
| Lysosome | Intracellular vesicle containing digestive enzymes |
| Chromosome | Dense structures, composed of tightly coiled DNA strands and associated histones, that become visible in the nucleus when a cell prepares to undergo mitosis or meiosis; each normal human somatic cell contains 46 chromosomes |
| metastasis | travel to distant tissues and organs |
| Stem cells | undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same |
| Epithelium | One of the four primary tissue types; a layer of cells that forms a superficial covering or an internal lining of a body cavity or vessel |
| Adipocytes | Fat cells |
| Chondrocytes | are the only cells found in healthy cartilage. |
| Mucous Membranes (mucosae) | line passageways and chambers that open to the exterior, including those in the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts |
| Antibodies | protective proteins produced by your immune system. |
| Serous Membrane | line the sealed, internal cavities of the trunk, which are not open to the exterior |
| Collagen | A strong, insoluble protein fiber common in connective tissues |
| Tendon | A collagenous band that connects a skeletal muscle to an element of the skeleton |
| Ligament | Dense band of connective tissue fibers that attaches one bone to another |
Created by:
keilianhall
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