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MARS2001 Module 6
Module 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Steps involved in homeostasis | stimulus; sensed by nerve sensor; info sent to brain; response occurs via an effector; effect should change the level of the variable and bring it back to normal |
| External respiration | involves the exchange of gases between the blood and cells |
| Internal respiration | involves the processes within a cell that use up oxygen and produce carbon dioxide |
| Parameters for aquatic media | as temp. and salinity increase, solubility of oxygen and CO2 decrease; water may contain large amounts of dissolved ions, which leads to osmoregulation problems from diffusional fluxes |
| Fish respiratory physiology (process) | fish extract oxygen from the water; water is moved through gill filaments which are filled with blood; oxygen moves out of the water and into the blood; CO2 moves out of the blood and into the water |
| Oxygen profile | oxygen enters via diffusion; mixed due to advection; temperature profile affects the oxygen profile (thermocline causes the oxygen minimum layer) |
| Oxygen loss (oxygen depletion) | oxygen enters through photosynthesising phytoplankton; when they die, they cause oxygen depletion (die and sink, bacteria decompose them, using oxygen in the process); increased run-off and ocean warming can lead to larger oxygen depletion zones |
| What are the effects of deoxygenation on respiratory physiology? | ocean warming causes deoxygenation directly (changes in oxygen dissolution), indirectly (run-off); increased temp. cause increased metabolic rate in fish; as oxygen level depletes, makes it harder for fish to maintain homeostasis |
| Homeostasis response in salt change in water | change in salt/water levels in animal; hormone released that changes the water content of urine, also stimulates or suppresses water; levels back to normal |
| Hypertonic solution | solution outside of cell is more concentrated than inside of the cell; water move out of cell by osmosis, causing a shrink |
| Hypotonic solution | solution outside of cell is less concentrated than inside of cell; water move into cell, sometimes causing bursts |
| Osmoregulation is saltwater fish | gain of water and salt ions from food, drinking seawater; excretion of salt ions from gills and from kidneys (scanty urine); osmotic water loss through gills and other parts or body surfaces |
| Osmoregulation is freshwater fish | uptake of water and some ions in food; uptake of salt ions by gills; osmotic water gain through gills and other partts or body surface; excretion of large amounts of water in dilute urine from kidneys |
| Osmoconformers | most marine invertebrates; conform to their surroudnings; have a salt/water tolerance level |
| Osmoregulators | most marine vertebrates and some invertebrates; can only survive in a narrow range of salinities; only so much their body can do to regulate osmolarity |
| Effects of salinity stress on renal physiology | causes oxidative stress, osmotic stress, and ionic stress |
| Homeotherms def | organisms that maintain their body temp. regardless of surroundings; small variations in body temp.; nost needed to maintain high metabolic rate; endothermic (procude own heat) ; e.g. mammals and birds |
| Poikilotherms (heterotherms) | body temp. varies with environment; generate little metabolic heat, use behaviour to prevent changes in temp.; ectothermic (heat content determined by external sources); fish, reptiles, amphibians |
| Endothermic fish | warm blood leaving muscles warms blood entering; warm blood enters the blood flow, passes by cooler blood and helps to heat up cooler blood; heat flows from veins to arteries; have heat-generating muscles |
| Heat production in endotherms | basal metabolism; muscular activity (shivering); thyroxine and epinephrine (stimulating effects on metabolic rate); temperature effect on cells |
| Heat loss in endotherms | radiation, conduction/convection, evaporation |
| Thermoregulation in marine mammals | skin is innervated with temperature-sensing nerve cells; have two general types of responses (behavioural and physiological); behavioural -> migration; insulation in form of fur or blubber |
| Physiological adaptations to minimise heat loss in marine mammals: | have a relatively low surface area-to-volume ratio (small amount of skin) across which heat is exchanged with the environment, compared to a large volume of tissue which generates heat; larger animals have lower SA:V ratios |
| Adaptations to fish in freezing environments | have 'antifreeze' material in blood; also have proteins or protein-sugar compounds that stunt the growth of ice crystals; enable fishes to stay flexible and swim freely in a supercooled state |
| What is the thermoneutral zone? | a zone where animals are most comfortable; physiological and behavioural actions ensure they stay in zone; outside of this they experience cold or heat stress; even more outside they have hypo or hyperthermia; use metabolic rate to respond |
| Effects of ocean warming on birds and fish | groundfish overgraze forage fish, competition increases; birds starve, die-off and have breeding failure; forage fish have reduced quality, less fat, smaller, less diverse |
| Where are endo- and ectotherms most diverse? | endotherms more diverse in polar regions; ectotherms more diverse in equatorial regions |
| Cause of diversity in endotherms and ectotherms | linked to water temperatures and metabolic rate; spatial regression analyses reveals SST as the only environmental predictor highly related to diversity across al q13 taxa |
| Metabolism (basic steps) | animals break down proteins, carbs, and/or fats to produce energy; generate waste products; process requires oxygen (aerobic metabolism), but can operate anaerobically if required (less energy spent); occurs in cells all the time |
| Three component parts of metabolism | Activity Energy Expenditure (10-30$, calories burned through activity/movement); Thermic effect of food (10%, calories burned through digestion and storage of food); Resting metabolic rate (60-70%, calories burned at rest) |
| Factors that influence resting metabolic rate: | body size, age, gender, fat-free mass (muscle and organs), fat mass |
| Energy budget of marine animals | balance energy intake (food) with coasts of getting that food (specific dynamic action, SDA); growth controllled by growth hormones factors; will regulate energy intake according to their expenditure costs and need for growth |
| What is the cost of movement and how does it affect animals? | organisms use most power when moving as rapidly as possible; power goes to fuel muscles; muscles transport animal through the medium (less expensive in air than water); less coast with an increase in speed in air than in water |
| What does the efficiency of swimming depend on? | density of the medium, swim speed, length of the animal, viscosity of the medium |
| What is Reynolds number? | stands for the ratio between the forces due to the masss and the viscous forces, for a body that is moving in a liquid or gas; a ratio of inertial forces (momentum) to viscous forces (friction) |
| Adaptations to moving through water | streamlined bullet shape has least resistance through air or water; fish maximise thrust against water whilst minimising skin drag; turtles adapted fins to bend and flex efficiently giving maximum thrust efficiency for minimum oxygen consumption |
| Use of currents by migrating animals | use currents to lower cost of transport and move efficiently; turtles double energy cost per day when migrating so need to manage cost with energy intake |
| Minor currents along Australia | The Leeuwin current (WA), the EAC(QLD), South Equatorial Current (north QLD), Tasman front (South) |
| Effect of climate change on ocean currents | many oceanic dispersal pathways are being altered by climate change; future climate-driven oceanographic changes are likely to strengthen or weaken different oceanic dispersal pathways; will either increase or decrease potential for dispersal,connectivity |
| Sound propagation in ocean | sound travels faster; marine animals have utilised sound as one of primary senses; travel fastest at surface and at depth |
| How do fish 'hear' sounds? | hear particle motion rather than sound waves (movement of water created by sound); lateral lines help; system has canals running the length of the fish's body under skin |
| Marine mammal hearing | sound waves travel up the jaw; long jaws can potentially help them sense sound; sensed in cochlear |
| Odontocetes | tooth whales; high frequency specialists |
| Mystecetes | (humpbacks, blue whales); low frequency specialists |
| Examples animals using sound signals | Balaenopterids feed on most mobile schooling prey, so communicate to feed in coordinated groups; Odontocetes use echolocation clicks to find and catch prey, generate from sonic lips near blow hole |
| How can sound signals be affected in water? | affected by excess noise; abiotic noise (e.g. wind, rain); biotic noise (e.g. shrimp, fish); anthropogenic noise (ships); especially affected when it is near specific animals peak sensitivity (e.g. high frequency for mysticetes) |
| Anthropogenic noise (what it is) | overlap with hearing ranges of most marine mammal species; those relying on low frequency hearing are most sensitive and likely to be affected |
| Anthropogenic noise effects | severity of effect depends on distance of animal from sound source; most severe is permanent hearing loss, then tempoerary hearing loss; then behavioural and stress responses and masking of the animal's communication signals |
Created by:
tkeen40
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