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Gr9 Bio Evol

Biology Evolution

QuestionAnswer
Evolution - the changes in living organisms over time - the change in allele frequency of a population over time - a scientific theory (supported by evidence)
Natural Selection scientific theory developed by Charles Darwin
Principles of Heredity developed by Gregor Mendel
Population Group of individuals of the same species that mate and produce fertile offspring
Gene Pool Total of all the alleles in the population
allele one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
Allele Frequency # of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared to the total number of alleles in the pool for the same gene
Cause of Evolution 1. Natural Selection 2. Sexual Selection 3. Artificial Selection
Variation Diversity within a population Comes from mutations, sexual reproduction, & lateral gene transfer
Overproduction More offspring are produced than will survive
Competition Individuals must fight for limited resources
Adaptation Heritable characteristics that increase an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce
Fitness Ability to survive and reproduce
Natural Selection - components Variation + Overproduction + Competition + Adaptation + Fitness
NATURAL SELECTION Individuals with advantageous traits survive longest and leave the most offspring (aka “survival of the fittest”)
Natural selection - outcome Leads to changes in allele frequency which lead to changes in phenotype.
Natural Selection examples Coloration in Trinidadian Guppies, Pesticide Resistance, Antibiotic Resistance
SEXUAL SELECTION Traits that help get a mate will increase reproduction. These naturally selected traits will also increase in frequency in the population. Ex: Birds of Paradise
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION Humans select which organisms survive and reproduce.
Evidence of Evolution Fossil Record, Anatomy, Genetics & Molecular Biology
Evidence from Fossil Record Extinctions: Unique fossils in the layers show extinctions Time: Fossils in the oldest rock layers must have existed before fossils in the younger rock layers Ancestry: By comparing age and structure we can determine relationships between organisms.
Homologous Structures - Similar structures shared by related species, inherited from a common ancestor. - May perform different functions, but have similar structure Ex: wing in birds and bats - used for flying
Analogous Structures Body parts with the same function, but different structures. - Not closely related! - Similar environmental pressures
Vestigial Organs/Structures Non-functional or less functional structures inherited from ancestors : appendix, tail bone, wisdom teeth
Coevolution Process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time Cooperation - Ex. Orchids & wasps
Patterns of Evolution Competition - Ex. Bacteria & humans Predator-prey - Wolves & deer
first organism 3.5 Billion Years Ago - Oldest fossil (prokaryote)
Classification name & group organisms based on similarities and differences - easier way to study diversity of organisms
Binomial Nomenclature Two-word naming system. Each species is assigned a unique two-word scientific name (Genus species). Ex. Homo sapiens
Binomial nomenclature structure Genus - Larger group to which organism belongs. Capitalized Species - Specific name for that organism. lowercase
Modern System of Classification Contains eight levels - each level is called a taxon. Smallest taxon (species) contains only one type of organism. Largest taxon (domain) contains many organisms with similar characteristics
Three Domains in Modern classification Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Dichotomous Keys Series of paired statements that describe alternative possible characteristics of an organism
Dichotomous Key example - starting point 1a. Animal has hair……………………go to # 2 1b. Animal does not have hair…. …….go to # 3
Created by: user-1770281
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