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Interior & Dating En

TermDefinition
Theory of plate tectonics/pangea scientist Alfred Wegner
Evidence for plate tectonics (4) Fossils, landforms, climate evidence, magnetic field lines
Evidence for plate tectonics - fossils Fossils on different continents (across oceans) match up
Evidence for plate tectonics - landforms Continents fit together like puzzle pieces, rock relative ages and types match
Evidence for plate tectonics - Climate areas had similar prehistoric climates but very different now since the plates moved them
Evidence for plate tectonics - magnetic field lines Rocks match the magnetic field when they're formed, field reversals are tracked in rock movement (sea floor spreading)
Tectonic plates are moved by... convection currents in the mantle
Tectonic plates move in three ways Convergent, divergent, transform
Convergent means Plates coming together/colliding
Convergent boundaries create Subduction zones, orogenies, volcanoes, earthquakes, recycle crust
Subduction zone Denser crust sinks below the less dense crust
Orogeny Mountain building/ mountains
Divergent means Plates moving apart/separating
Divergent boundaries create Mid ocean ridge, continental rift, volcanoes, earthquakes, new crust
Mid ocean ridge (sea floor spreading) Two plates under oceanic crust diverge, lava rises in the gap and cools to form new crust
Continental rift Two plates underneath continental crust diverge, lava rises to form new crust, can generate oceans given enough time
Transform means Plates sliding/moving past each other
Transform boundaries create Earthquakes
Faults are Cracks in Earth's crust
Types of faults (3) Normal, Reverse/Thrust, Strike-Slip
Normal Faults occur when rocks are pulled apart
Reverse/Thrust faults occur when rocks are compressed/pushed together
Strike-slip faults occur when rocks slide past each other
Radioactive decay is when elements decay/die and lose protons and/or neutrons
When protons/neutrons are lost, elements ... change into a different element, and radiation is emitted
Half life The amount of time it takes for half of an element to decay into a new element
Carbon-14 is used to date materials that used to be living (ex. plant/animal remains, coal, shells)
Absolute age The age of an object using specific ages, found using radioactive decay
Relative age The age of an object relative to the age of objects surrounding it
Superposition Bottom later is oldest, top layer is youngest
Radioactive dating Using the half lives of specific elements to identify the absolute age of an object
Relative dating Using clues from rock types and/or fossils to provide an approximate/relative age
Uniformitarianism Events and structures that occur now probably occurred in a similar way in the past
Horizontality All sediment layers were originally formed horizontally
If a set of layered sediments is not horizontal, we can assume something tilted/moved them (plate tectonics)
Intrusions Magma forcing its way through rocks
Intrusions result in ... contact metamorphism
Intrusions are older/younger than the rock it cuts through Younger
Extrustions Magma that reaches the surface
Extrusions are older/younger than the rock below it Younger
Inclusions Rocks surrounded by lava but are not metamorphosed
Correlation Comparing rock and fossil types in different places to create a complete geologic history
Unconformity All layers are not always present, generally resulting from weathering/erosion
Index Fossils fossils known to be from a specific time period
Index fossils help scientists identify the specific time period of the rock the fossil is found in
Created by: Ms. Torres
Popular Earth Science sets

 

 



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