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MARS2001
Module 5: Marine Productivity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does P:R (photosynthesis:respiration) ratio tell us? | whether a system is capable of supporting itself using the carbon fixation it delivers internally (P:R >= 1), or whether it depends on the input from outside the system to meet its metabolic/respiratory demand (P:R<1) |
| Phytoplankton | entry point for energy from sun; mixed with zooplankton and microorganisms including bacteria and viruses; include cyanobacteria, diatom, dinoflagellate, green algae, coccolithophore |
| Distribution in primary production across ocean | continental shelf and open-ocean upwelling areas are among most productive (winds); coastal areas nutrient rich and productive; central oceans and gyre centers nutrient poor and relatively barren of primary productivity |
| Causes of variation in ocean and what this means | latitudinal and seasonal differences in marine productivity result from differences in light and nutrient availability; increase in product results in increase in standing stock phytoplankton; increases in phytoplankton followed by increase in zooplankton |
| How to measure primary production (variables)? | field orientated techniques to measure photosynthesis in water column; GPP (carbon fixed in photosynthesis); NPP (-respiration); productivity (rate of production of living material produced per unit area per unit time) |
| Oxygen technique in measuring primary production | relies upon the fact that oxygen is released during photosynthesis; get bottles of light and dark and measure oxygen; light will have oxygen from photosynthesis and respiration; dark with only have photosynthesis |
| Satellite technique in measuring primary production | satellites can use photometers specific to wavelength to measure chlorophyll; need ground truthing to get relationship between chlorophyll concentration & primary production (varies with region); can tell us how much food is going into food web |
| Zooplankton role and movement | move nutrients from shallower regions to deeper regions; come up water column at night to feed, sink down in day; transfer energy, carbon to higher trophic levels; high abundance in high latitudes, high diversity in low latitudes |
| Budget for ingested food | I = E + R + G I = amount ingested, E = amount egested, R = respired, G = growth (somatic and reproduction) |
| Calcification and growth of corals | combine calcium ions with carbonate ions from water -> calcium carbonate; susceptible to dissolution (less susceptible because they can control internal pH); however, rates of calcification have been declining; bleaching suppress calcification rates |
| How do upwellings and El Nino Influence coral reef growth? | El Nino years warm water flows eastwards; leads to coral bleaching and no growth; El Nino effects are less severe when you have upwelling |
| Gulf of Chiriqui in normal year | no upwelling; water temp up to ~10 degrees warmer; ; lower nutrient levels; lower turbidity; smaller tidal range (max 5m) |
| Gulf of Chiriqui in El Nino year | no upwelling; water temp up to 4 degrees above normal; lower nutrients levels than normal years; less turbid than normal years; tidal ranges similar to normal conditions; |
| Gulf of Panama in normal year | upwelling; water temp up to ~10 degrees cooler; higher nutrient levels; higher turbidity; larger tidal range (max 6m) |
| Gulf of Panama in El Nino year | reduced upwelling; water temp up to 2 degrees below Chiriqui; lower nutrient levels than normal years; less turbid than normal years; tidal ranges are similar to normal conditions |
Created by:
tkeen40
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