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Injury/Inflammation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the formula for O2 content? | ([Hgb]x1.34)xSaO2 + PaO2 x 0.003 |
| How do CN and Co inhibit oxidative phosphorylation? | inhibition of cytochrome oxidase (complex IV) |
| How do Amobarbital and Rotenone inhibit oxidative phosphorylatioN? | inhibit NADH dehydrogenase (complex I) |
| How does Antimycin A inhibit oxidative phosphorylation? | inhibits cytochrome reductase (complex III) |
| How does diptheria cause fatty change in the heart? | inhibits beta-oxidation of FA |
| What is the function of the BCL-2 gene? | inhibits apoptosis by preventing mitochondrial leakage of cytochrome c |
| What does the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis require? | FAS (TNF family) |
| How does tp53 promote apoptosis? | if damage is too great, activates BAX which INactivates Bcl2 |
| What are the neutrophilic adhesion molecules? | beta-integrins (CD11a:CD18) |
| What factors are chemotactic for neutrophils? | C5a, LTB4, IL8 |
| Which mediators produce fever? | PGE2, IL1, TNF |
| How does coagulase aid S. aureus? | cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin and traps bacteria and neutrophils |
| What glycoprotein is required for granulation tissue formation? | fibronectin (binds to collagen, fibrin, integrins) |
| What factors are essential to angiogenesis? | VEGF and FGF |
| What are the clinical findings of mercury poisoning? | diarrhea, constricted visual fields, nephrotoxicity in proximal tubules, tachycardia, hyperhidrosis, peripheral neuropathy, HTN |
| What is the pathophysiology a wet drowning? | aspiration of water, water reabsorbed, plasma diluted, hyponatremia and hypokalemia cause v fib |
| What is the term for nonneoplastic normal tissue in a foreign location? | choristoma (heterotopic rest) |
| What is the first step in the sequence of invasion by malignant tumors? | loss of E-cadherin |
| How does TGF-beta act as a tumor suppressor? | inhibits G1 to S phase |
| What causes hypoglycemia in HCC? | insulin like factor (ectopic secretion) |
| How does choriocarcinoma of the testis cause gynecomastia? | hcG release |
| What process(es) cause uterine enlargement in pregnancy? | hypertrophy and hyperplasia |
| What causes eosinophilia in coagulation necrosis? | protein denaturation and loss of cytoplasmic RNA |
| Describe the events of cytotoxic T cell activation. | activation of caspases by granzyme B which is allowed entry be perforin |
| What enzyme crosslinks apoptotic cytoplasmic proteins and creates the cellular blebs? | transglutaminases |
| What causes the fatty change in the liver associated with incr alcohol intake? | excess NADH, production of G3P and TGs, decr beta-oxidation of FAs |
| Where are L-selections found? | neutrophils; bind to endothelial mucin-like molecules as GlyCam-L |
| What is the function of platelet-activating factor? | activates and aggregates platelets with release of histamine and serotonin, chemotactic for eosinophils |
| How do C3a and C5a act as anaphylatoxins? | mediate degranulation of basophils and mast cells with release of histamine; C5a is chemotactic, mediates the release of histamine from platelet-dense granules |
| What causes LAD deficiency type I? | deficiency of beta2 integrins (CD11a/CD18) |
| What causes LAD deficiency type II? | deficiency of selectins that binds neutrophils (Sialy-Lewis X) |
| What receptors mediate diapedesis of leukocytes? | PECAM-1 |
| Deposition of what protein causes senile cardiac amyloidosis? | transthyretin |
| tumor suppressor and gene associated with melanoma | p16 on chromosome 9p |
| Describe some adverse effects of Arsenic exposure. | inhibits enzymes that require lipoic acid as a cofactor (pyruvate dehydrogenase) - lactic acidosis, diarrhea, convulsions; SCC of skin, liver angiosarcoma |
| What disorders are PSaMMoma bodies found in? | Papillary (thyroid) CA, Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary, Meningioma, Mesothelioma |
| in what type of hyperlipoproteinemia are eruptive xanthomas found? | type IV: increased VLDL |
| which type of hyperlipoproteinemia causes palmar xanthomas? | Type III: deficient apoE |
| What is the treatment for abetalipoproteinemia | vit E |
| What other murmur is associated with aortic regurgitation? | Austin flint murmur (diastolic, blood drips back onto ant. mitral valve leaflet) |
| What are pANCA Ab directed against? Disease associatioN? | myeloperoxidase, microscopic polyangiitis, Churg Strauss syndrome |
| What causes "copper wiring" in hypertensive retinopathy? | sclerotic vessel changes, wider light reflex |
| What causes "AV nicking" in hypertensive retinopathy? | arterioles thick and create depression in vein as the pass over them |
Created by:
ash0403
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