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Cells Definitions
Biology Cells Definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| All the living parts of a cell | Protoplasm |
| The fine detail of a cell as seen as with an electron microscope | Ultrastructures |
| Name given to chromosomes when they are not dividing | Chromatin |
| Very small organelles made of protein and RNA. Function is to make proteins | Ribsomes |
| Distinct structures suspended in cytoplasm | Organelles |
| Cells do not have a nuclear membrane surrounding their DNA. Eg – Monera | Prokaryotic Cells |
| These cells have a membrane bound nucleus and organelles | Eukaryotic Cells |
| A group of similar cells specialised to carry out the same function | Tissue |
| Cells grown on a sterile nutrient medium outside an organism | Tissue Culture |
| A structure, containing different tissues, which has a specific function | Organ |
| A group of organs and tissues working together to carry out a specific function | Organ System |
| A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without itself taking part in the reaction | Catalyst |
| Biological catalysts that peed up the reactions in the cell without being used up in the reaction | Enzymes |
| The substance an enzyme reacts with | Substrate |
| The region of the enzyme that binds with the substrate | Active Site |
| An enzyme which has lost its shape and can no longer carry out its function | Denatured Enzyme |
| Use of enzyme-controlled reactions to produce a product | Bioprocessing |
| A vessel used to carry out enzyme controlled reactions | Bioreactor |
| Enzymes that are fixed/attached to each other or to an inert material | Immobilised Enzymes |
| An enzyme which digests protein | Protease |
| All cells develop from pre-existing cells | Cell Continuity |
| Coiled threads of DNA and protein that become visible in the nucleus at cell division | Chromosome |
| A cell which contains one of every chromosome type or pair | Haploid Cell |
| A cell which contains two of each type of chromosome (in homologous pairs) | Diploid Cell |
| Consists of 2 chromosomes that each have genes for the same features at the same positions | Homologous Pairs |
| The phase in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing | Interphase |
| A form of cell division that produces two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell | Mitosis |
| A form of cell division that produces four genetically different daughter cells, each of which has half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell | Meiosis |
| Cells lose their ability to control both the rate of mitosis | Cancer |
| Cell membranes allow the passage of some materials but not others | Selectively Permeable |
| The movement of a substance from its area of higher concentration to its area of lower concentration. (Passive process) | Diffusion |
| The movement of a substance from its area of lower concentration to its area of higher concentration. (Opposite of diffusion) | Active Transport |
| The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, from its area of higher concentration to its area of lower concentration | Osmosis |
| Has a low concentration of solutes and thus a higher concentration of water than another solution | Hypotonic Sol |
| Has a higher concentration of solutes and thus a lower concentration of water than another solution | Hypertonic Sol |
| Has the same concentration of solutes and water as another solution | Isotonic Sol |
| Is the pressure of the cytoplasm and vacuole against the cell wall | Turgor Pressure |
| Process where large particles are engulfed by the cell and become incorporated into a vacuole within the cell | Phagocytosis |
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