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Genetics Definitions
Biology Definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| An inheritable change within a population or species in response to a change in the environment over a long period of time | Evolution |
| A group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring | Species |
| Attributes acquired via biological heredity from the parents | Inherited |
| Passing of traits from parents to offspring | Hereditary |
| The process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change | Natural selection |
| A short section of DNA, which contains the code for producing a protein | Gene |
| A spontaneous inheritable change in the structure of the genetic material | Mutation |
| A process of making unique patterns in the non-coding regions of an individual’s DNA. Or examining DNA for a pattern or band to compare | DNA Profiling |
| Testing DNA to identify the presence or absence of particular genes | Genetic Screening |
| Copying of a sequence of genetic bases from DNA onto mRNA | Transcription |
| Pairs of chromosomes that contain genes for the same characteristics at the same positions on the chromosomes | Homologous Chromosomes |
| Different forms of the same gene. They occupy the same position (locus) on homologous chromosomes | Allele |
| The genotype is the kind of genes present in the cell | Genotype |
| This is the expression of the gene in the environment. This is how genes affect the appearance of the organism | Phenotype |
| When 2 alleles for a particular characteristic are the same. Eg – TT = Tall and tt = short | Homozygous |
| When 2 alleles for a particular characteristic are different. Eg – Tt = Tall | Heterozygous |
| A dominant allele is one that is always expressed in the phenotype. Generally written with a capital letter | Dominant |
| A recessive allele is not expressed in the presence of the dominant allele, but only when both recessive alleles are present. Generally written with a small letter | Recessive |
| An individual has 2 genes for a character. These segregate at gamete formation. Only 1 of a pair of such genes can be carried in a single gamete. At fertilisation, the new organism will have 2 genes for each trait, one from each parent | The Law of Segregation |
| When gametes are formed, each member of a pair of alleles can be inherited with any one from another allele pair | The Law of Independent Assortment |
| The artificial manipulation/alteration of genes | Genetic Engineering |
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