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Nervous System

QuestionAnswer
Two major regions Central Nervous System (CNS) • Brain,spinalcord • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Cranialandspinalnerves
Functions • Sensation, Integration, and Response (sensory, integration, and motor) • mentalactivities,stimulatingmuscles/glands, homeostasis
Nervous Tissue • Neurons • Communicative function • Glia • Neuron support
Neuron Anatomy • Soma(cellbody) • Axon • Signal transmission • Synapse • Signal terminal • Dendrite • Signal reception • MyelinSheath • Electrical insulation • Speeds transmission • Nodes of Ranvier
Neuron Types • Unipolar • Oneaxonthatsplits • Exclusivelysensory • Bipolar • Oneaxon,onedendrite • Olfactory(smell),retina • Multipolar • Oneaxon • Multipledendrites • Motor
Glial Cells • CNS • Astrocytes • Ependymal cells • Microglia • Oligodendrocytes • PNS • Schwann cells • Satellite cells
CNS glia: Astrocytes • Star-shaped • Many processes extending from cell body • Interact with neurons, blood vessels, connective tissue (pia mater) • Support cells • Maintain concentrations of chemicals in extracellular space • Remove excess signaling molecules • React
CNS glia: Ependymal Cells • Line the ventricles of the brain & central canal of spinal cord • Filters blood to make cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) • Choroid plexus • Specialized structure in the ventricles where ependymal cells meet blood vessels for filtering
CNS glia: Oligodendrocytes • Oligo- = “few” ; dendro- = “branches” ; -cyte = “cell” • Cell of few branches • Few processes that extend from cell that wrap around axons to form myelin sheath • One oligodendrocyte can encompass multiple axons • Myelin sheath increases transmissio
PNS glia: Schwann & Satellite Cells • Schwann cells • PNS myelin sheath • Entire cell encompasses axonal section • Satellite cells • Found in ganglia • Surroundcellbodiesof neurons • Similar functions as astrocytes • support
Functional Classification of Neurons Function classified on direction of signal (action potential {AP})
Sensory (afferent) AP toward CNS from sensor
Interneurons AP from neuron to neuron within CNS
Motor (efferent) AP away from CNS to effector
Sensory (afferent) Afferent (“A” all aboard ; away from sensor) • Dorsal root
Nerve endings that detect temperature, pain, touch, pressure, light, sound, odors, etc. Sensory receptors
Sends information to interneurons in CNS to be processed 1. Spinal cord 2. Spinal cord then brain
Interneurons Association neurons • Distribution of sensory information and coordination of motor activity
Motor (efferent) Efferent (“E” for exit) • Ventral root • Receive input from interneuron to carry out an effect • Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, glands • Effector “organs”
Neural Reflex Arc • ReflexàAutomatic (unconscious) response to a stimulus produced by a reflex arc • Sensory receptor • Sensory neuron • Interneuron • Motor neuron • Effector organ • Skips decision making
Somatic Nervous system 1. Sensoryperception 2. Centralprocessing 3. Motorresponse
Eg. Reflex arc • Sensory input: painful stimulus (afferent sensory neuron) • Central processing: synapse in spinal cord (interneuron) • Motor output: contraction of skeletal muscle (efferent motor neuron)
Parasympathetic Nervous System • Effector Organ: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands • Regulation • Involuntary; “normal” conditions • Duration • Unconscious & continuous • Relaxation, food processing, energy absorption • Maintenance functions • “Rest & digest”
Sympathetic Nervous System • Effector Organ: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands • Regulation • Involuntary; “emergency” conditions • Duration • Unconscious & continuous • Tissue metabolism, alertness, intense physical activity • Stress reaction • “FightorFlight”
Neurophysiology Resting membrane potential, action potential, grade potential, & synapses
Membrane Potential
Created by: babygirl1995
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